{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1760238059311,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission and European Regional Development Fund","award":["0702_MIGRAINEE_2_E","0378_AD_EEGWA_2_P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0702_MIGRAINEE_2_E","0378_AD_EEGWA_2_P"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades and European Commission and European Regional Development Fund","award":["PGC2018-098214-A-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-098214-A-I00"]}]},{"name":"CIBER en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina","award":["CIBER-BBN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER-BBN"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia, being considered a major health problem, especially in developed countries. Late-onset AD is the most common form of the disease, with symptoms appearing after 65 years old. Genetic determinants of AD risk are vastly unknown, though,    \u03b5   4 allele of the ApoE gene has been reported as the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between brain complexity and the presence of ApoE   \u03b5   4 alleles along the AD continuum. For this purpose, resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) activity was analyzed by computing Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) from 46 healthy control subjects, 49 mild cognitive impairment subjects, 45 mild AD patients, 44 moderate AD patients and 33 severe AD patients, subdivided by ApoE status. Subjects with one or more ApoE   \u03b5   4 alleles were included in the carriers subgroups, whereas the ApoE   \u03b5   4 non-carriers subgroups were formed by subjects without any    \u03b5   4 allele. Our results showed that AD continuum is characterized by a progressive complexity loss. No differences were observed between AD ApoE   \u03b5   4 carriers and non-carriers. However, brain activity from healthy subjects with ApoE   \u03b5   4 allele (carriers subgroup) is more complex than from non-carriers, mainly in left temporal, frontal and posterior regions (p-values &lt; 0.05, FDR-corrected Mann\u2013Whitney U-test). These results suggest that the presence of ApoE   \u03b5   4 allele could modify the EEG complexity patterns in different brain regions, as the temporal lobes. These alterations might be related to anatomical changes associated to neurodegeneration, increasing the risk of suffering dementia due to AD before its clinical onset. This interesting finding might help to advance in the development of new tools for early AD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T09:25:28Z","timestamp":1594373128000},"page":"3849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Relationship between the Presence of the ApoE \u03b54 Allele and EEG Complexity along the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Continuum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-de Pablo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9488-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8577-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Poza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Matem\u00e1ticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aar\u00f3n","family":"Maturana-Candelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Mathematics of the University of Porto (CMUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Hornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Matem\u00e1ticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2019). 2019 Alzheimer \u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. 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