{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:04:30Z","timestamp":1775610270038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Machining processes remain an unavoidable technique in the production of high-precision parts. Tool behavior is of the utmost importance in machining productivity and costs. Tool performance can be assessed by the roughness left on the machined surfaces, as well as of the forces developed during the process. There are various techniques to determine these cutting forces, such as cutting force prediction or measurement, using dynamometers and other sensor systems. This technique has often been used by numerous researchers in this area. This paper aims to give a review of the different techniques and devices for measuring the forces developed for machining processes, allowing a quick perception of the advantages and limitations of each technique, through the literature research carried out, using recently published works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T09:23:44Z","timestamp":1597310624000},"page":"4536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Cutting Forces Assessment in CNC Machining Processes: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Vitor F. C.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2013School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00ba Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J. G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2013School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00ba Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 S.","family":"Fecheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2013School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00ba Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e2ni M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2013School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00ba Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Pedro","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2013School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00ba Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafaela B.","family":"Casais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2013School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00ba Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4225-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Pinto","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2013School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00ba Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, October 10). Industries That Can\u2019t Do without Custom Machining. Available online: https:\/\/roboticsandautomationnews.com\/2019\/08\/16\/5-industries-that-cant-do-without-custom-machining\/25082\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, October 07). CNC Machining Projected to be $100B Industry by 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.thomasnet.com\/insights\/cnc-machining-projected-to-be-100b-industry-by-2025\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, October 07). CNC Machining Industry Trends 2019-3ERP. Available online: https:\/\/www.3erp.com\/blog\/cnc-machining-industry-trends-2019\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez, K.P.M., Giardini, C., and Ceretti, E. (2014). Cutting force modeling. CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20617-7_6399"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toenshoff, H.K. (2014). Cutting, fundamentals. CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20617-7_6633"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grote, K., and Antonsson, E.K. (2009). Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30738-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(96)02835-X","article-title":"Indirect monitoring of machinability in carbon steels by measurement of cutting forces","volume":"67","author":"Strafford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.02.086","article-title":"Study of forces, surface finish and chip morphology on machining of inconel 825","volume":"30","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.11.379","article-title":"Investigation of cutting force tool tip temperature and surface roughness during dry machining of spring steel","volume":"5","author":"Vasu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.300","article-title":"Model design and optimization of carbide milling cutter for milling operation of M200 tool steel","volume":"84","author":"Phokobye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.10.035","article-title":"Study on the correction of cutting force measurement with table dynamometer","volume":"56","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia, R.M., Silva, F.J.G., Reis, P., and Baptista, A.P.M. (2016). Machining duplex stainless steel: Comparative study regarding end mill coated tools. Coatings, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings6040051"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, V.F.C., and Silva, F.J.G. (2020). Recent advances in turning processes using coated tools\u2014A comprehensive review. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10020170"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, V.F.C., and Silva, F.J.G. (2020). Recent advances on coated milling tool technology\u2014A comprehensive review. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10030235"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.02.181","article-title":"Analytical calculation of cutting forces and analysis of their change at 3-D milling","volume":"32","author":"Batuev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.09.037","article-title":"Finite element simulation and validation of chip formation and cutting forces in dry and cryogenic cutting of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V","volume":"1","author":"Davoudinejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Q., Zhang, D., Wu, W., and Zou, K. (2016). Methods and research for multi-component cutting force sensing devices and approaches in machining. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111926"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.039","article-title":"Numerical modelling of cutting forces in gear skiving","volume":"82","author":"Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2018.07.017","article-title":"Prediction of cutting forces in flank milling of parts with non-developable ruled surfaces","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chinese J. Aeronaut"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1734","article-title":"A concise review of uncertainty analysis in metal machining","volume":"26","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2009.03.003","article-title":"Modeling of chip\u2013tool interface friction to predict cutting forces in machining of Al\/SiCp composites","volume":"49","author":"Dabade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2012.03.010","article-title":"Analytical model for force prediction when machining metal matrix composite","volume":"59","author":"Sikder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2010.06.005","article-title":"Prediction of cutting forces in helical end milling fiber reinforced polymers","volume":"50","author":"Kalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.07.191","article-title":"Cutting forces during orthogonal machining process of AISI 1018 steel: Numerical and experimental modeling","volume":"4","author":"Bhopale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.05.029","article-title":"Side milling machining simulation using finite element analysis: Prediction of cutting forces","volume":"4","author":"Mebrahitom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.055","article-title":"Numerical modeling of cutting forces and temperature distribution in high speed cryogenic and flood-cooled milling of Ti-6Al-4V","volume":"82","author":"Caudill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.08.248","article-title":"Experimental analysis of the cutting forces obtained in dry turning processes of UNS A97075 aluminium alloys","volume":"63","author":"Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.233","article-title":"Prediction of the cutting forces and chip morphology when machining the Ti6Al4V alloy using a microstructural coupled model","volume":"58","author":"Yameogo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"8364","article-title":"Finite element modeling and machining of Al 7075 using coated cutting tools","volume":"5","author":"Sreeramulu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2017.02.018","article-title":"Cutting forces, tool wear and surface finish in high speed diamond machining","volume":"49","author":"Brinksmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.037","article-title":"FE modelling of CFRP machining-prediction of the effects of cutting edge rounding","volume":"82","author":"Duboust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.105314","article-title":"An analytical approach on stochastic model for cutting force prediction in milling ceramic matrix composites","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2020.105551","article-title":"A mechanistic cutting force model based on ductile and brittle fracture material removal modes for edge surface grinding of CFRP composites using rotary ultrasonic machining","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2020.103540","article-title":"A feeding-directional cutting force model for end surface grinding of CFRP composites using Rotary Ultrasonic machining with Elliptical Ultrasonic Vibration","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2019.05.043","article-title":"TPA and RCSA based frequency response function modelling for cutting forces compensation","volume":"456","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sound. Vib."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2015.09.016","article-title":"Investigation of milling cutting forces and cutting coefficient for aluminum 6060-T6","volume":"51","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2015.11.001","article-title":"Parametric chip thickness model based cutting forces estimation considering cutter runout of five-axis general end milling","volume":"101","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.05.079","article-title":"5-axis milling of complex parts with barrel-shape cutter: Cutting force model and experimental validation","volume":"48","author":"Olvera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2012.09.009","article-title":"A new model for the prediction of cutting forces in micro-end-milling operations","volume":"213","author":"Labarga","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2015.07.001","article-title":"Analytical modeling and experimental validation of micro end-milling cutting forces considering edge radius and material strengthening effects","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2019.103466","article-title":"Prediction of cutting forces during micro end milling considering chip thickness accumulation","volume":"147","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2020.105504","article-title":"Generic instantaneous force modeling and comprehensive real engagement identification in micro-milling","volume":"176","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2019.116500","article-title":"Influences of TiAlN coating and limiting angles of flutes on prediction of cutting forces and dynamic stability in micro milling of die steel (P-20)","volume":"278","author":"Sahoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.05.004","article-title":"Mechanistic modelling for predicting cutting forces in machining considering effect of tool nose radius on chip formation and tool wear land","volume":"142","author":"Orra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2441","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigations on machining of Hastelloy C276 under cryogenic condition","volume":"27","author":"Kesavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.04.344","article-title":"A physically based model to predict microstructural modifications in Inconel 718 high speed machining","volume":"47","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.08.228","article-title":"Probabilistic prediction of cutting and ploughing forces using extended kienzle force model in orthogonal turning process","volume":"77","author":"Salehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2020.116809","article-title":"Machinability of inconel 718 during turning: Cutting force model considering tool wear, influence on surface integrity","volume":"285","author":"Toubhans","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.04.102","article-title":"Machine learning in cutting processes as enabler for smart sustainable manufacturing","volume":"33","author":"Preez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.02.003","article-title":"Intelligent characteristic value determination for cutting processes based on machine learning","volume":"79","author":"Wenkler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.031","article-title":"A hybrid approach using machine learning to predict the cutting forces under consideration of the tool wear","volume":"82","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2016.05.005","article-title":"Study of sensing technologies for machine tools","volume":"14","author":"Fujishima","year":"2016","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2017.06.022","article-title":"Industry-oriented method for measuring the cutting forces based on the deflections of tool shank","volume":"130","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.11.577","article-title":"A method of cutting power monitoring for feed axes in milling by power measurement device","volume":"52","author":"Miura","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-Pap. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2019.03.019","article-title":"Monitoring of vibrations and cutting forces with spindle mounted vibration sensors","volume":"68","author":"Postel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2007.01.048","article-title":"Wear behaviour of uncoated and diamond coated Si3N4 tools under severe turning conditions","volume":"263","author":"Martinho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2008.03.065","article-title":"Cutting forces and wear analysis of Si3N4 diamond coated tools in high speed machining","volume":"82","author":"Martinho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2005.09.001","article-title":"Recording of real cutting forces along the milling of complex parts","volume":"16","author":"Lamikiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.06.019","article-title":"A novel triaxial optoelectronic based dynamometer for machining processes","volume":"279","author":"Subasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.06.161","article-title":"Displacement-based dynamometer for milling force measurement","volume":"34","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2016.08.009","article-title":"Development of multi-degrees of freedom optical table dynamometer","volume":"5","author":"Sandwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2012.04.099","article-title":"Effective dynamometer for measuring high dynamic process force signals in micro machining operations","volume":"1","author":"Transchel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.11.049","article-title":"Development of an innovative plate dynamometer for advanced milling and drilling applications","volume":"49","author":"Totis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.07.017","article-title":"Development and testing of an integrated rotating dynamometer on tool holder for milling process","volume":"52","author":"Rizal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal. Process."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.05.143","article-title":"Development of a Vise with built-in Piezoelectric and Strain Gauge Sensors for clamping and cutting force measurements","volume":"48","author":"Rezvani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.11.017","article-title":"Design and development of a cutting force sensor based on semi-conductive strain gauge","volume":"237","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mspro.2014.07.010","article-title":"Machinability assessment through experimental investigation during hard and soft turning of hardened steel","volume":"6","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"992","article-title":"Experimental investigation on surface integrity during machining of AISI 420 steel with tungsten carbide insert","volume":"22","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, K., Rahman, L.M.A., and Datta, S. (2020). Machinability of Inconel 825 superalloy under dry cutting environment with application of uncoated WC-Co tool. Mater. Today, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.05.150"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"2324","article-title":"A comparative machinability study on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V during dry turning by cryogenic treated and untreated condition of uncoated WC inserts","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.12.538","article-title":"Investigation of Influence of MQL machining parameters on cutting forces during MQL turning of carbon steel St52-3","volume":"132","author":"Ekinovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.107078","article-title":"Measurement of machining forces and surface roughness in turning of AISI 304 steel using Alumina-MWCNT hybrid nanoparticles enriched cutting fluid","volume":"150","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.08.289","article-title":"Residual stresses and cutting forces in cryogenic milling of Inconel 718","volume":"77","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.09178-5","article-title":"3.16 hard coatings on cutting tools and surface finish","volume":"3","author":"Caliskan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Mater. Finish."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.08.241","article-title":"Behaviour of PVD coatings in the turning of austenitic stainless steels","volume":"63","author":"Barreiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.301","article-title":"Design and optimization of machining parameters for effective AISI P20 removal rate during milling operation","volume":"84","author":"Daniyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"118","article-title":"Analytical modeling of tool health monitoring system using multiple sensor data fusion approach in hard machining","volume":"145","author":"Kene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurent"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.02.189","article-title":"Trochoid milling with industrial robots","volume":"43","author":"Uhlmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2019.05.009","article-title":"Robots in machining","volume":"68","author":"Verl","year":"2019","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.034","article-title":"Effect of robot dynamics on the machining forces in robotic milling","volume":"10","author":"Cen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.143","article-title":"Cutting force prediction in robotic machining","volume":"82","author":"Huynh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.09.052","article-title":"A study of the combined effects of machining parameters on cutting force components during high speed robotic trimming of CFRPs","volume":"59","author":"Slamani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.11.022","article-title":"Assessment of the suitability of industrial robots for the machining of carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs)","volume":"37","author":"Slamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2016.12.005","article-title":"Efficiency evaluation of robots in machining applications using industrial performance measure","volume":"48","author":"Klimchik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Robot. CIM-INT Manuf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.06.203","article-title":"Modeling of flange-mounted force sensor frequency response function for inverse filtering of forces in robotic milling","volume":"34","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2006.03.010","article-title":"Toolpath selection based on the minimum deflection cutting forces in the programming of complex surfaces milling","volume":"47","author":"Lamikiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2010.05.001","article-title":"A long-term control scheme of cutting forces to regulate tool life in end milling processes","volume":"34","author":"Ibaraki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2004.06.016","article-title":"TWEM, a method based on cutting forces\u2014Monitoring tool wear in face milling","volume":"45","author":"Kuljanic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2019.07.004","article-title":"Prediction and optimization of machining forces using oxley\u2019s predictive theory and RSM approach during machining of WHAs","volume":"15","author":"Kiran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.12.314","article-title":"Analysis of cutting forces and temperature in laser assisted machining of inconel 718 using taguchi method","volume":"97","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2018.07.004","article-title":"Machining forces in ultrasonic-vibration assisted end milling","volume":"94","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.185","article-title":"Process design for optimal minimization of resultant cutting force during the machining of Ti-6Al-4V: Response surface method and desirability function analysis","volume":"84","author":"Daramola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2020.05.050","article-title":"Measurement and optimization of cutting forces during M200 TS milling process using the response surface methodology and dynamometer","volume":"88","author":"Daniyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, A. (2020). Optimization and analysis of process parameters for flank wear, cutting forces and vibration in turning of AISI 5140: A comprehensive study. Measurement, 107959.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107959"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samsudeensadham, S., Mohan, A., and Krishnaraj, V. (2020). A research on machining parameters during dry machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Mater. Today, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.02.821"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tlhabadira, I., Daniyan, I.A., Masu, L., and Mpofu, K. (2020). Development of a model for the optimization of energy consumption during the milling operation of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Mater. Today, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.03.477"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.10.031","article-title":"Tool condition monitoring techniques in milling process\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Mohanraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.106860","article-title":"Model-based phase shift optimization of serrated end mills: Minimizing forces and surface location error","volume":"144","author":"Pelayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Sig. Process."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.09.023","article-title":"An assessment of two technologies for high performance composite machining; adaptive fixturing and in process tool profile monitoring","volume":"85","author":"Ooijevaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2019.100387","article-title":"MoniThor: A complete monitoring tool for machining data acquisition based on FPGA programming","volume":"11","author":"Urbikain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Softwarex"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.02.092","article-title":"Cutting characteristics of pvd coated cutting tools","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"2647","article-title":"Experimental investigation during end milling of AISI D2 tool steel using AlCrN coated tool","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.08.253","article-title":"In-process tool wear prediction system based on machine learning techniques and force analysis","volume":"77","author":"Gouarir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4536\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:00:18Z","timestamp":1760176818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20164536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20164536","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]}}}