{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:30:05Z","timestamp":1764333005514,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04111\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04111\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014180","name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing star trackers quickly is non-trivial. Achieving reproducible results and comparing different algorithms are also open problems. In this sense, this work proposes the use of synthetic star images (a simulated sky), allied with the standardized structure of the Universal Verification Methodology as the base of a design approach. The aim is to organize the project, speed up the development time by providing a standard verification methodology. Future rework is reduced through two methods: a verification platform that us shared under a free software licence; and the layout of Universal Verification Methodology enforces reusability of code through an object-oriented approach. We propose a black-box structure for the verification platform with standard interfaces, and provide examples showing how this approach can be applied to the development of a star tracker for small satellites, targeting a system-on-a-chip design. The same test benches were applied to both early conceptual software-only implementations, and later optimized software-hardware hybrid systems, in a hardware-in-the-loop configuration. This test bench reuse strategy was interesting also to show the regression test capability of the developed platform. Furthermore, the simulator was used to inject specific noise, in order to evaluate the system under some real-world conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:25:22Z","timestamp":1611912322000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Universal Verification Platform and Star Simulator for Fast Star Tracker Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Victor Hugo","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Technology Research Laboratory (Space Lab), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Mariano","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Technology Research Laboratory (Space Lab), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laio Oriel","family":"Seman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Applied Computer Science, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed (UNIVALI), Itaja\u00ed 88302-901, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jeferson","family":"Santos Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Uni\u00e3o Metropolitana de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Cultura, Itabuna 42700-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Sangkyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Spacecraft Environment Interaction Engineering (LaSEINE), Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mengu","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Spacecraft Environment Interaction Engineering (LaSEINE), Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Villarrubia Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Systems and Applications Lab,  Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Ca\u00eddos s\/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderi Reis Quietinho","family":"Leithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Center for Endogenous Resources Valorization, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2191-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Augusto","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Technology Research Laboratory (Space Lab), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.03.052","article-title":"Energy-driven scheduling algorithm for nanosatellite energy harvesting maximization","volume":"147","author":"Slongo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler Slongo, L., Vega Mart\u00ednez, S., Vale Barbosa Eiterer, B., and Augusto Bezerra, E. 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