{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:01:40Z","timestamp":1775595700730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["99999.005005\/2014-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99999.005005\/2014-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The surf pop-up is a unique and challenging skill, critical to successful surfing. Hypothesizing that anthropometric characteristics of surfers influence the pop-up performance, we aimed to measure kinematics and ground-reaction forces (GRF) during a simulated pop-up motion, and to relate these variables with anthropometric characteristics. Twenty-three male surfers (age: 28.4 \u00b1 10.1 years old; body mass: 68.3 \u00b1 10.8 kg; height: 1.73 \u00b1 0.07 m; time of practice: 12.4 \u00b1 8.9 years; arm-span: 1.75 \u00b1 8.9 m) perform a simulated pop-up in the laboratory, while GRF and 3D motion-capture data were acquired. The duration of the pop-up was 1.20 \u00b1 0.19 s (60% push-up and 40% reaching\/landing phase). During the push-up, the hands were placed 0.46 \u00b1 0.05 m apart and generated a relative total peak-force of 0.99 \u00b1 0.10 N\/Weight, with symmetrical impulse of 0.30 \u00b1 0.05 N\u00b7s\/Weight for the dominant and 0.29 \u00b1 0.07 N\u00b7s\/Weight for the nondominant hand. Elbow angles were not different during the peak force application (110 \u00b1 18\u00b0 vs. 112 \u00b1 18\u00b0, respectively) of the push-up phase. During the landing phase, the feet were placed 0.63 \u00b1 0.10 m apart and generated a relative peak force of 1.63 \u00b1 0.18 N\/Weight. The impact force during landing was applied unevenly between the rear foot (28%) and the front foot (72%). In conclusion, most anthropometric-related variables showed no relationship with performance variables, with the exception of an inverse relationship between muscle mass and pop-up total duration. We also observed no differences in upper- and lower-body kinematics between the dominant vs. nondominant hands and among surfers who preferred a regular vs. \u201cgoofy-foot\u201d stance. Finally, the force profiles between hands were similar and symmetric, while the lower extremities during the reaching phase were different, with the front foot applying greater force than that of the rear foot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:39:07Z","timestamp":1614904747000},"page":"1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Are the Kinetics and Kinematics of the Surf Pop-Up Related to the Anthropometric Characteristics of the Surfer?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7930-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Borgonovo-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Riedel Communications GmbH &amp; Co. KG, R&amp;D Hub Portugal, 4450-718 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Telles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, Physical Education Faculty, Sports Science Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-521, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1734-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Nessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4416-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Peduzzi","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LaBClin Neuromusculoskeletal Rehabilitation and Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Florian\u00f3polis 88015-310, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535010-00005","article-title":"Physiological Aspects of Surfboard Riding Performance","volume":"35","author":"Bishop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Shortboard Performance Surfing: A Qualitative Assessment of Maneuvers and a Sample Periodized Strength and Conditioning Program In and Out of the Water","volume":"29","author":"Everline","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181f0a77f","article-title":"Performance Differences between Sexes in the Pop-Up Phase of Surfing","volume":"24","author":"Eurich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"15","article-title":"Alternative Pop-Up for Surfers with Low Back Pain","volume":"5","author":"Hammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"North Am. J. sports Phys. Ther. NAJSPT"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009213","article-title":"Surf zone bathymetry and circulation predictions via data assimilation of remote sensing observations","volume":"119","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"377","article-title":"Thermoregulation in surfers and nonsurfers immersed in cold water","volume":"5","author":"Rochelle","year":"1978","journal-title":"Undersea Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"35","article-title":"Fitness requirements for surfing","volume":"6","author":"Lowdon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sports Coach"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2014-0078","article-title":"Qualitative Task Analysis to Enhance Sports Characterization: A Surfing Case Study","volume":"42","author":"Moreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0002","article-title":"Time\u2013Motion Analysis of a 2-Hour Surfing Training Session","volume":"10","author":"Secomb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001442","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Surfing: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Farley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0558","article-title":"Anaerobic Energy Production During Sprint Paddling in Junior Competitive and Recreational Surfers","volume":"11","author":"Minahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0561","article-title":"Scoring analysis of manoeuvres performed in elite male professional surfing competitions","volume":"2","author":"Forsyth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.04.009","article-title":"Identifying the physical and anthropometric qualities explanatory of paddling adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Sinclair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954116645208","article-title":"Stance affects balance in surfers","volume":"11","author":"Anthony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001565","article-title":"Comparison of anthropometry and lower limb power qualities according to different levels and ranking position of competitive surfers","volume":"31","author":"Javier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"S171","article-title":"Anthropometric variables and their relationship to performance and ability in male surfers","volume":"14","author":"Barlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198201000-00011","article-title":"Biomechanics of Postural Control","volume":"10","author":"Hayes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7863674","article-title":"A New Method of Evaluating the Symmetry of Movement Used to Assess the Gait of Patients after Unilateral Total Hip Replacement","volume":"2019","author":"Winiarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1783\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:32:49Z","timestamp":1760160769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21051783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051783","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]}}}