{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:57:58Z","timestamp":1773003478648,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research - Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["766311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["766311"]}]},{"name":"Regione Lazio - Excellence Centre at the Lazio Technological District for Cultural Heritage (DTC)","award":["B86C17000280002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B86C17000280002"]}]},{"name":"Regione Autonoma di Sardegna","award":["CUP:J81G17000140002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP:J81G17000140002"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00729\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00729\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A modular X-ray scanning system was developed, to fill in the gap between portable instruments (with a limited analytical area) and mobile instruments (with large analytical areas, and sometimes bulky and difficult to transport). The scanner has been compared to a commercial tabletop instrument, by analysing a Portuguese tile (azulejo) from the 17th century. Complementary techniques were used to achieve a throughout characterisation of the sample in a complete non-destructive approach. The complexity of the acquired X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra, due to inherent sample stratigraphy, has been resolved using Monte Carlo simulations, and Raman spectroscopy, as the most suitable technique to complement the analysis of azulejos colours, yielding satisfactory results. The colouring agents were identified as cobalt blue and a Zn-modified Naples-yellow. The stratigraphy of the area under study was partially modelled with Monte Carlo simulations. The scanners performance has been compared by evaluating the images outputs and the global spectrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T12:08:01Z","timestamp":1615291681000},"page":"1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Modular MA-XRF Scanner Development in the Multi-Analytical Characterisation of a 17th Century Azulejo from Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-9575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Augusto Barcellos","family":"Lins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per L\u2019ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Via Antonio Scarpa 14\/16, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Surface Analysis Laboratory Roma Tre\u2014National Institute of Nuclear Physics\u2014Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Manso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIBPhys &amp; VICARTE, Department of Physics &amp; Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro Augusto Barcellos","family":"Lins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Mario Santos Braga, 30-Centro, Niter\u00f3i, RJ 24020-140, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Matematica e Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7005-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armida","family":"Sodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5943-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Ettore","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per L\u2019ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Via Antonio Scarpa 14\/16, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2270-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Branchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Analysis Laboratory Roma Tre\u2014National Institute of Nuclear Physics\u2014Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Tortora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Analysis Laboratory Roma Tre\u2014National Institute of Nuclear Physics\u2014Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Sciences, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2866-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Ridolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ars Mensurae, Via Vincenzo Comparini 101, 00188 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.07.021","article-title":"Multi-analytical identification of pigments and pigment mixtures used in 17th century Portuguese azulejos","volume":"32","author":"Coentro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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