{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:00:03Z","timestamp":1775228403331,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents an experimental study on the effects of gamma radiation on Long Period Fiber Gratings (LPFGs) in a low-dose test campaign to evaluate their eventual degradation. The study was carried out with standard single-mode fibers where the grating was inscribed using the Electric-Arc Discharge (EAD) technique. Before the gamma campaign, a detailed optical characterization was performed with repeatability tests to verify the accuracy of the setup and the associated error sources. The gamma-induced changes up to a dose of 200 krad and the recovery after radiation were monitored with the Dip Wavelength Shift (DWS). The results show that the gamma sensitivity for a total dose of 200 krad is 11 pm\/krad and a total DWS of 2.3 nm has been observed with no linear dependence. Post-radiation study shows that recovery from radiation-induced wavelength shift is nearly complete in about 4000 h. Experimental results show that the changes suffered under gamma irradiation of these LPFGs are temporary making them a good choice as sensors in space applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"2318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Low-Doses of Gamma Radiation on Electric Arc-Induced Long Period Fiber Gratings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6088-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Mesonero-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6205-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis C. C.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy of Faculty of Sciences, INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty for Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy of Faculty of Sciences, INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty for Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1484-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy of Faculty of Sciences, INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty for Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Belenguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"L\u00f3pez Heredero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072009","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.58.7.072009","article-title":"Multiparameter Fiber-Optic Sensors: A Review","volume":"58","author":"Pevec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00368-4","article-title":"Fiber Optic Sensor Technology: An Overview","volume":"82","author":"Grattan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201898","article-title":"Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Harsh Environments","volume":"12","author":"Mihailov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1117\/12.623988","article-title":"Fiber Optic Sensing in Space Structures: The Experience of the European Space Agency (Invited Paper)","volume":"5855","author":"Mckenzie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2018.03.001","article-title":"Status and Future Developments of R&D on Fiber Optics Current Sensor for ITER","volume":"136","author":"Gusarov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2017.2673023","article-title":"Gamma Radiation Tests of Radiation-Hardened Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Sensors for Radiation Environments","volume":"64","author":"Kuhnhenn","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"111807D","article-title":"In-Orbit Demonstration of Fiber Optic Sensors Based on Bragg Gratings","volume":"Volume 11180","author":"Heredero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Space Optics\u2014ICSO 2018"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, F., Srivastava, A., Campopiano, S., and Iadicicco, A. (2020). Radiation Effects on Long Period Fiber Gratings: A Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092729"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2013.2252366","article-title":"Radiation Effects on Fiber Gratings","volume":"60","author":"Gusarov","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henschel, H., Hoeffgen, S.K., Krebber, K., Kuhnhenn, J., and Weinand, U. (2007, January 10\u201314). Influence of Fiber Composition and Grating Fabrication on the Radiation Sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Gratings. Proceedings of the 2007 9th European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems, Deauville, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADECS.2007.5205461"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43389","article-title":"Real-Time Analysis of Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings under Gamma Irradiation","volume":"7","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2910639","article-title":"Comparative Investigation of Gamma Radiation Effects on Long Period Gratings and Optical Power in Different Optical Fibers","volume":"37","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15845","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43389","article-title":"Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings in Standard and Speciality Optical Fibers under Mixed Neutron-Gamma Irradiation","volume":"7","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6258","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.006258","article-title":"Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Properties of Arc-Induced Long-Period Fiber Gratings","volume":"44","author":"Rego","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2337877","article-title":"Online Tests of an Optical Fiber Long-Period Grating Subjected to Gamma Irradiation","volume":"6","author":"Sporea","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.07.007","article-title":"Comparative Study of Long Period and Fiber Bragg Gratings under Gamma Irradiation","volume":"233","author":"Sporea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/5\/201","article-title":"James Ralph, P. Tatam Optical Fibre Long-Period Grating Sensors: Characteristics and Application","volume":"14","author":"Stephen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/913418","article-title":"A Review of Refractometric Sensors Based on Long Period Fibre Gratings","volume":"2013","author":"Rego","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.000692","article-title":"Vengsarkar Optical Fiber Long-Period Grating Sensors","volume":"21","author":"Bhatia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8371","DOI":"10.3390\/s120608371","article-title":"Fiber Optic-Based Refractive Index Sensing at INESC Porto","volume":"12","author":"Jorge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3598634","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3598634","article-title":"Arc-Induced Long Period Fiber Gratings","volume":"2016","author":"Rego","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2383175","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Long-Period Gratings in Hollow Core Fibers by Electric Arc Discharge","volume":"15","author":"Iadicicco","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasin, M.O.H., Arof, H., and Harun, S.W. (2015). Writing of Long Period Fiber Gratings Using CO2 Laser Radiation. Advances in Optical Fiber Technology: Fundamental Optical Phenomena and Applications, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/58517"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viveiros, D., de Almeida, J.M.M.M., Coelho, L., Vasconcelos, H., Amorim, V.A., Maia, J.M., and Jorge, P.A.S. (2019). Spectral Tuning of Long Period Fiber Gratings Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Micromachining through Thermal Annealing. Multidiscip. Digit. Publ. Inst. Proc., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2019015004"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001265","article-title":"Fabrication of Long Period Fiber Gratings of Subnanometric Bandwidth","volume":"42","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2019.2167","article-title":"The Complex Molecules Detector (CMOLD): A Fluidic-Based Instrument Suite to Search for (Bio)Chemical Complexity on Mars and Icy Moons","volume":"20","author":"Briones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, February 27). ESA-Star Publication. Available online: https:\/\/esastar-publication-ext.sso.esa.int\/ESATenderActions."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, October 30). ESA-star Publication. Available online: https:\/\/esastar-publication-ext.sso.esa.int\/ESATenderActions\/details\/7466."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.000689","article-title":"Liquid-Crystal Variable Retarders for Aerospace Polarimetry Applications","volume":"46","author":"Heredero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.9.002681","article-title":"Liquid Crystals for Space Instrumentation: Optical Properties of Liquid Crystal Mixtures for Polarimeters","volume":"9","author":"Parejo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2540358","article-title":"de Fabrication and Characterization of Metal Oxide-Coated Long-Period Fiber Gratings","volume":"34","author":"Coelho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:41:30Z","timestamp":1760161290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21072318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21072318","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]}}}