{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:46:14Z","timestamp":1773978374044,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot acoustic sensor based on a graphene oxide membrane was developed with the aim to achieve a faster and simpler fabrication procedure when compared to similar graphene-based acoustic sensors. In addition, the proposed sensor was fabricated using methods that reduce chemical hazards and environmental impacts. The developed sensor, with an optical cavity of around 246 \u00b5m, showed a constant reflected signal amplitude of 6.8 \u00b1 0.1 dB for 100 nm wavelength range. The sensor attained a wideband operation range between 20 and 100 kHz, with a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 32.7 dB at 25 kHz. The stability and sensitivity to temperatures up to 90 \u00b0C was also studied. Moreover, the proposed sensor offers the possibility to be applied as a wideband microphone or to be applied in more complex systems for structural analysis or imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1616974045000},"page":"2336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Acoustic Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Graphene Oxide Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0463-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina S.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4710-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica (CEFITEC), Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica (CEFITEC), Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7555-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana O.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1785\/0220190112","article-title":"Distributed Acoustic Sensing Turns Fiber-Optic Cables into Sensitive Seismic Antennas","volume":"91","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seism. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distributed Acoustic Sensing Using Dark Fiber for Near-Surface Characterization and Broadband Seismic Event Detection","volume":"9","author":"Dou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252029","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1065\/25\/252029","article-title":"Distributed fiber-optic acoustic sensing for petroleum geology exploration","volume":"1065","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103293","article-title":"Gas pipeline leak noise measurements using optical fibre distributed acoustic sensing","volume":"78","author":"Muggleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2362494","article-title":"Extrinsic Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot Underwater Acoustic Sensor Based on Micromachined Center-Embossed Diaphragm","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2003.810102","article-title":"Large-scale remotely interrogated arrays of fiber-optic interferometric sensors for underwater acoustic applications","volume":"3","author":"Cranch","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.001807","article-title":"High-sensitivity ultrasound interferometric single-mode polymer optical fiber sensors for biomedical applications","volume":"34","author":"Gallego","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Zhang, R., Zheng, Z., and Zheng, Y. (2018). Electromagnetic\u2013Acoustic Sensing for Biomedical Applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103203"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ruiter, N.V., and Byram, B.C. (2020). All-optical fiber ultrasound imaging system based on the photoacoustic principle. Medical Imaging 2020: Ultrasonic Imaging and Tomography, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2010.2051820","article-title":"Mandrel-Based Fiber-Optic Sensors for Acoustic Detection of Partial Discharges\u2014a Proof of Concept","volume":"25","author":"Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowarik, S., Hussels, M.-T., Chruscicki, S., M\u00fcnzenberger, S., L\u00e4mmerhirt, A., Pohl, P., and Schubert, M. (2020). Fiber Optic Train Monitoring with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Conventional and Neural Network Data Analysis. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020450"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.106769","article-title":"An analysis of railway track behaviour based on distributed optical fibre acoustic sensing","volume":"142","author":"Milne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mid-infrared photoacoustic gas monitoring driven by a gas-filled hollow-core fiber laser","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8744","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.387675","article-title":"Photoacoustic computed tomography by using a multi-angle scanning fiber-laser ultrasound sensor","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66076-9","article-title":"All-optical, an ultra-thin endoscopic photoacoustic sensor using multi-mode fiber","volume":"10","author":"Shabairou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25238","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.402099","article-title":"High sensitivity fiber-optic Michelson interferometric low-frequency acoustic sensor based on a gold diaphragm","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15050","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.387195","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of acoustic pressure and temperature using a Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber-optic cantilever sensor","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-019-0548-7","article-title":"Broadband Acoustic Vibration Sensor Based on Cladding-Mode Resonance of Double-Cladding Fiber","volume":"9","author":"Sui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photon Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2972021","article-title":"High-Efficiency Random Fiber Laser Based on Strong Random Fiber Grating for MHz Ultrasonic Sensing","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77147-2","article-title":"Identifications and classifications of human locomotion using Rayleigh-enhanced distributed fiber acoustic sensors with deep neural networks","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.003241","article-title":"Fiber Fabry-Perot sensors for detection of partial discharges in power transformers","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9006","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.009006","article-title":"Miniature all-silica optical fiber pressure sensor with an ultrathin uniform diaphragm","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002838","article-title":"Fiber-optic acoustic pressure sensor based on large-area nanolayer silver diaghragm","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2020.3037623","article-title":"Gold-Diaphragm Based Fabry-Perot Ultrasonic Sensor for Partial Discharge Detection and Localization","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Photon J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.12.057","article-title":"Small in-fiber Fabry-Perot low-frequency acoustic pressure sensor with PDMS diaphragm embedded in hollow-core fiber","volume":"270","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2361174","article-title":"Ultrahigh Sensitive Temperature Sensor Based on Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot Interference Assisted by a Graphene Diaphragm","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.004719","article-title":"Ultrafast miniature fiber-tip Fabry\u2013Perot humidity sensor with thin graphene oxide diaphragm","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15821","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR04274A","article-title":"High-sensitivity and fast-response fiber-tip Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot hydrogen sensor with suspended palladium-decorated graphene","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2256343","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot Acoustic Sensor with Multilayer Graphene Diaphragm","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photon Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20758","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.020758","article-title":"Ultrathin graphene diaphragm-based extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer for ultra-wideband fiber optic acoustic sensing","volume":"26","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5101732","article-title":"Miniature fiber optic acoustic pressure sensors with air-backed graphene diaphragms","volume":"145","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4344","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2737639","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive Fiber-Optic Microphone Based on Graphene Oxide Membrane","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2701000","article-title":"Hollow Microsphere Fabry\u2013Perot Cavity for Sensing Applications","volume":"29","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photon Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.123","article-title":"Ultrastrong adhesion of graphene membranes","volume":"6","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Giovanni, M. (2017). Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203755969"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2336\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:32:54Z","timestamp":1760362374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21072336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21072336","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]}}}