{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T19:14:48Z","timestamp":1776626088252,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel methodology is proposed to reliably predict the resonant characteristics of a multipatch backscatter-based radio frequency identification (RFID) chipless tag. An ultra-wideband impulsion radio (UWB-IR)-based reader interrogates the chipless tag with a UWB pulse, and analyzes the obtained backscatter in the time domain. The RFID system consists of a radar cross-section (RCS)-based chipless tag containing a square microstrip patch antenna array in which the chipless tag is interrogated with a UWB pulse by an UWB-IR-based reader. The main components of the backscattered signal, the structural mode, and the antenna mode were identified and their spectral quality was evaluated. The study revealed that the antenna-mode backscatter includes signal carrying information, while the structural mode backscatter does not include any tag information. The simulation findings were confirmed by experimental measurements obtained in an anechoic chamber environment using a 6-bit multipatch chipless RFID tag. Finally, the novel technique does not use calibration tags and can freely orient tags with respect to the reader.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"2525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Frequency-Spectra-Based High Coding Capacity Chipless RFID Using an UWB-IR Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawther","family":"Mekki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research on Microwave Electronics, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-2577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omrane","family":"Necibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences at Tabarjal, Jouf University, 72388 Jouf, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2394-2119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-Uminho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-Uminho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Gharsallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research on Microwave Electronics, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2019.2922118","article-title":"Chipped versus chipless RF identification","volume":"20","author":"Athauda","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. 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