{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:20:07Z","timestamp":1775020807256,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda De Econom\u00eda Y Empleo: System for simulation and training in advanced techniques for the occupational risk prevention through the design of hybrid-reality environments with ref. J118","award":["J118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in communication technologies have made the interaction of small devices, such as smartphones, wearables, and sensors, scattered on the Internet, bringing a whole new set of complex applications with ever greater task processing needs. These Internet of things (IoT) devices run on batteries with strict energy restrictions. They tend to offload task processing to remote servers, usually to cloud computing (CC) in datacenters geographically located away from the IoT device. In such a context, this work proposes a dynamic cost model to minimize energy consumption and task processing time for IoT scenarios in mobile edge computing environments. Our approach allows for a detailed cost model, with an algorithm called TEMS that considers energy, time consumed during processing, the cost of data transmission, and energy in idle devices. The task scheduling chooses among cloud or mobile edge computing (MEC) server or local IoT devices to achieve better execution time with lower cost. The simulated environment evaluation saved up to 51.6% energy consumption and improved task completion time up to 86.6%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"2914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["An Algorithm to Minimize Energy Consumption and Elapsed Time for IoT Workloads in a Hybrid Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3623-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C. S.","family":"dos Anjos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Informatics, UFRGS\/PPGC, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L. G.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Informatics, UFRGS\/PPGC, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9131-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassiano J.","family":"Matteussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Informatics, UFRGS\/PPGC, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel V.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Expert Systems and Applications Laboratory, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderi R. Q.","family":"Leithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPELABS, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8602-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio F. R.","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Informatics, UFRGS\/PPGC, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Reinsel, D., Gantz, J., and Rydning, J. (2018). The Digitalization of The World: From Edge to Core, Seagate Inc.. [us44413318 ed.]. IDC White Paper."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T.Y.H., Ravindranath, L., Deng, S., Bahl, P., and Balakrishnan, H. 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