{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:48:49Z","timestamp":1769122129675,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, there are more than 1.55 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain. Of these, it is estimated that around 45% will present respiratory complications, which represents approximately 620,000 patients who will need respiratory rehabilitation. The health system has no resources for this huge quantity of patients after the hospital discharge to finish the complete recovery and avoid the chronicity of the symptoms. We propose an application named RespiraConNosotros. The application has been created and designed to guide users in performing respiratory rehabilitation exercises, especially for COVID-19 patients, and it also facilitates patient\u2013physiotherapist contact via chat or video calling to help patients. It is accessible for all users and on all devices. All exercises would be guided and supervised by a specialized physiotherapist who suggests, adapts, and guides the exercise according to the function level of each patient. Data obtained was satisfactory; all patients pointed out the easy access, the intuitive format, and the advantage of communicating with an expert. Concerning functional assessment, all participants improved their score on the Borg scale after performing the intervention with the application.This platform would help respiratory patients to make rehabilitation treatments to recover their pulmonary function and to decrease or eliminate the possible complications they have. It never substitutes any prescribed treatment. In conclusion, RespiraConNosotros is a simple, viable, and safe alternative for the improvement and maintenance of respiratory capacity and patient\u2019s functionality affected by COVID-19. It could be used as a complement to face-to-face treatment when the situation allows it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T11:30:16Z","timestamp":1620732616000},"page":"3318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["RespiraConNosotros: A Viable Home-Based Telerehabilitation System for Respiratory Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Mar\u00eda","family":"Bermejo-Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursery and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2695-0250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"P\u00e9rez-Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursery and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Llamas-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursery and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9981-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Augusto","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Systems and Applications Lab (ESALAB), Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0976-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Sales-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Systems and Applications Lab (ESALAB), Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderi Reis Quietinho","family":"Leithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPELABS, University Lus\u00f3fona\u2014ULHT, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Center for Endogenous Resources Valorization, Institute Polytechnic of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Llamas-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursery and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2018.04.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of physiotherapy with telerehabilitation in surgical patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Vredeveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X17700781","article-title":"Use of videoconferencing for physical therapy in people with musculoskeletal conditions: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Grona","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Lee, H., Kim, Y., Kim, J., Cho, M., Jang, J., and Jang, H. (2018). Mobile app-based health promotion programs: A systematic review of the literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122838"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4836","article-title":"Mobile phone apps to promote weight loss and increase physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Mateo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X16673538","article-title":"Evaluating mobile phone applications for health behaviour change: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"McKay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementing technology in healthcare: Insights from physicians","volume":"17","author":"Morilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Making"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cali.2010.11.010","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de tecnolog\u00edas sanitarias nuevas y emergentes. Propuesta de clasificaci\u00f3n","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista de Calidad Asistencial"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verri Lucca, A., Augusto Silva, L., Luchtenberg, R., Garcez, L., Mao, X., Garc\u00eda Ovejero, R., Miguel Pires, I., Luis Vict\u00f3ria Barbosa, J., and Reis Quietinho Leithardt, V. (2020). A Case Study on the Development of a Data Privacy Management Solution Based on Patient Information. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216030"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar, L.H., Fernandes, A.M.R., Dazzi, R., Raduenz, J., Garcia, N.M., and Leithardt, V.R.Q. (2020, January 24\u201327). Prediction of Attendance at Medical Appointments Based on Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2020 15th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Seville, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/CISTI49556.2020.9140973"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4883","article-title":"The effectiveness of self-management mobile phone and tablet apps in long-term condition management: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Whitehead","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCabe, C., McCann, M., and Brady, A.M. (2017). Computer and mobile technology interventions for self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011425.pub2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12442","DOI":"10.2196\/12442","article-title":"Assessment of a Mobile App by Adolescents and Young Adults With Cystic Fibrosis: Pilot Evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Rudolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.6522","article-title":"Mobile app-based interventions to support diabetes self-management: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials to identify functions associated with glycemic efficacy","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"De Sanidad, M., and Centro de Comunicaci\u00f3n de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias (2021, May 10). Situaci\u00f3n Actual. Available online: https:\/\/www.mscbs.gob.es\/profesionales\/saludPublica\/ccayes\/alertasActual\/nCov\/situacionActual.htm3."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Falc\u00f3n, L.S.L. (2021, May 10). Secuelas a largo plazo de COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.mscbs.gob.es\/biblioPublic\/publicaciones\/recursos_propios\/resp\/revista_cdrom\/Suplementos\/Perspectivas\/perspectivas12_llamosas.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.01.42","article-title":"Urgent need for individual mobile phone and institutional reporting of at home, hospitalized, and intensive care unit cases of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection","volume":"21","author":"McCullough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"71","article-title":"Secuelas y consecuencias de la COVID-19","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Respir."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulos, M.N.K., and Geraghty, E.M. (2020). Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID-19\/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: How 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. Int. J. Health Geogr.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-020-00202-8"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spruit, M.A., Holland, A.E., Singh, S.J., Tonia, T., Wilson, K.C., and Troosters, T. (2020). COVID-19: Interim guidance on rehabilitation in the hospital and post-hospital phase from a European Respiratory Society-and American Thoracic Society-coordinated international task force. Eur. Respir. J., 56.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02197-2020"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibraimi, L., Asim, M., and Petkovi\u0107, M. (2009, January 24\u201326). Secure Management of Personal Health Records by Applying Attribute-Based Encryption. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Wearable, Micro, and Nano Technologies for Personalized Health, Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/PHEALTH.2009.5754828"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2021, May 10). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), Available online: http:\/\/www.cms.hhs.gov\/hipaa\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Priego Jim\u00e9nez, S., Torrijos La\u00edn, T., and Carrascosa Mart\u00ednez, A. (2021, May 10). Gu\u00eda de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Respiratoria en Pacientes con EPOC. Available online: https:\/\/escueladesalud.castillalamancha.es\/cuidados\/guia-de-rehabilitacion-respiratoria-para-personas-con-epoc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"41","article-title":"Eficacia de la fisioterapia respiratoria en el asma: T\u00e9cnicas respiratorias","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Asma SEPAR"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Estrella Mu\u00f1oz, C.N., and Godoy Segura, E.T. (2018). Fisioterapia respiratoria en pacientes post operatorio cirug\u00eda card\u00edaca: Gu\u00eda de cuidados respiratorios dirigidos a pacientes post operatorio de cirug\u00eda card\u00edaca. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Pazmi\u00f1o Aroca, E., and Vargas Obando, M. (2018). Aplicaci\u00f3n de t\u00e9cnicas no instrumentales en rehabilitaci\u00f3n respiratoria para pacientes traqueostomizados adultos post destete, gu\u00eda de t\u00e9cnicas no instrumentales. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2008.11.004","article-title":"Acute clinical benefits of chest wall-stretching exercise on expired tidal volume, dyspnea and chest expansion in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A single case study","volume":"13","author":"Leelarungrayub","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bodywork Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"291","article-title":"Gu\u00eda de diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento de pacientes con Fibrosis Qu\u00edstica. Actualizaci\u00f3n. Resumen ejecutivo","volume":"112","author":"Subcomisiones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Argent Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Dos Santos, D., Dazzi, R., Valderi, J.S., and Leithardt, L.S. (2018). PRISER\u2014Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de BLE para localiza\u00e7\u00e3o e notifica\u00e7\u00e3o com base na privacidade de dados. Revista Eletr\u00f4nica Argentina-Brasil de Tecnologias da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e da Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, 2."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Rolim, C.O., Schubert, F., Rossetto, A.G., Leithardt, V.R., Geyer, C.F., and Westphall, C. (2012, January 30). Comparison of a multi output adaptative neuro-fuzzy inference system (manfis) and multi layer perceptron (mlp) in cloud computing provisioning. Proceedings of the 29th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems (SBRC), Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"You, E. (2021, May 10). Vue. js: The Progressive Javascript Framework. Available online: https:\/\/vuejs.org."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"MongoDB (2021, May 10). Mongodb. Available online: https:\/\/www.mongodb.com\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2010.145","article-title":"Node. js: Using JavaScript to build high-performance network programs","volume":"14","author":"Tilkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Reese, W. (2008). Nginx: The High-Performance Web Server and Reverse Proxy. Linux J., 2008."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Leithardt, V.R.Q. (2015). UbiPri\u2014Middleware para Controle e Gerenciamento de Privacidade em Ambientes Ub\u00edquos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1767(00)90093-X","article-title":"Usefulness of the modified 0\u201310 Borg scale in assessing the degree of dyspnea in patients with COPD and asthma","volume":"26","author":"Kendrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2017.1399229","article-title":"Rating of perceived exertion with Borg scale in stroke over two common activities of the daily living","volume":"25","author":"Compagnat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20334","DOI":"10.2196\/20334","article-title":"Features and functionalities of smartphone apps related to COVID-19: Systematic search in app stores and content analysis","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19857","DOI":"10.2196\/19857","article-title":"Acceptability of app-based contact tracing for COVID-19: Cross-country survey study","volume":"8","author":"Altmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01578-0","article-title":"Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps","volume":"582","author":"Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Z., Li, N., Li, D., Li, J., Li, B., Xiong, W., Lu, L., Li, W., and Zhou, D. (2020). Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences From Western China. J. Med. Internet Res.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.19577"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blas, H.S.S., Mendes, A.S., Encinas, F.G., Silva, L.A., and Gonz\u00e1lez, G.V. (2021). A Multi-Agent System for Data Fusion Techniques Applied to the Internet of Things Enabling Physical Rehabilitation Monitoring. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010331"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14343","DOI":"10.2196\/14343","article-title":"Effects of mobile health app interventions on sedentary time, physical activity, and fitness in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Yerrakalva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19033","DOI":"10.2196\/19033","article-title":"A web-and app-based connected care solution for COVID-19 in-and outpatient care: Qualitative study and application development","volume":"6","author":"Gabri","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sales Mendes, A., Jim\u00e9nez-Bravo, D.M., Navarro-C\u00e1ceres, M., Reis Quietinho Leithardt, V., and Villarrubia Gonz\u00e1lez, G. (2020). Multi-Agent Approach Using LoRaWAN Devices: An Airport Case Study. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091430"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001505","article-title":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation and pulmonary rehabilitation for COVID-19","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2020.9099759","article-title":"A Solution for Dynamic Management of User Profiles in IoT Environments","volume":"18","author":"Leithardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. Trans."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219124","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3042739","article-title":"Boosting Big Data Streaming Applications in Clouds With BurstFlow","volume":"8","author":"Matteussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:59:09Z","timestamp":1760162349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21103318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21103318","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]}}}