{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:46:32Z","timestamp":1778201192738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R513131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R513131\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of glucose is crucial in the management of diabetes and other medical conditions but also crucial in a wide range of industries such as food and beverages. The development of glucose sensors in the past century has allowed diabetic patients to effectively manage their disease and has saved lives. First-generation glucose sensors have considerable limitations in sensitivity and selectivity which has spurred the development of more advanced approaches for both the medical and industrial sectors. The wide range of application areas has resulted in a range of materials and fabrication techniques to produce novel glucose sensors that have higher sensitivity and selectivity, lower cost, and are simpler to use. A major focus has been on the development of enzymatic electrochemical sensors, typically using glucose oxidase. However, non-enzymatic approaches using direct electrochemistry of glucose on noble metals are now a viable approach in glucose biosensor design. This review discusses the mechanisms of electrochemical glucose sensing with a focus on the different generations of enzymatic-based sensors, their recent advances, and provides an overview of the next generation of non-enzymatic sensors. Advancements in manufacturing techniques and materials are key in propelling the field of glucose sensing, however, significant limitations remain which are highlighted in this review and requires addressing to obtain a more stable, sensitive, selective, cost efficient, and real-time glucose sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T04:32:49Z","timestamp":1625718769000},"page":"4672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":329,"title":["Recent Advances in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0832-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cian","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5130-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Grieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.255","article-title":"Sugar content of popular sweetened beverages based on objective laboratory analysis: Focus on fructose content","volume":"19","author":"Ventura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7141","DOI":"10.1021\/jf101173e","article-title":"An integrated amperometric biosensor for the determination of lactose in milk and dairy products","volume":"58","author":"Conzuelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, May 03). Leading Causes of Death Worldwide in 2019 (in Millions) 2020, Top 10 Causes of Death. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death#:~:text=The%20world%27s%20biggest%20killer%20is,8.9%20million%20deaths%20in%202019."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman, W.H. (2017). The global burden of diabetes: An overview. Diabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries and Underserved Communities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41559-8_1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruen, D., Delaney, C., Florea, L., and Diamond, D. (2017). Glucose Sensing for Diabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081866"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068069y","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management","volume":"108","author":"Heller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10489","article-title":"Integrated medical feedback systems for drug delivery","volume":"51","author":"Heller","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201600263","article-title":"A simple flow amperometric electrochemical biosensor based on chitosan scaffolds and gold nanowires modified on a glassy carbon electrode for detection of glutamate in food products","volume":"29","author":"Kitikul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c00444","article-title":"Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based Biosensor with a Microneedle Array for Minimally Invasive In Vivo Glucose Measurements","volume":"5","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornhoeft, L.R., Biswas, A., and McShane, M.J. (2017). Composite hydrogels with engineered microdomains for optical glucose sensing at low oxygen conditions. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7010008"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2019.2929802","article-title":"Polarization-independent perfect optical metamaterial absorber as a glucose sensor in Food Industry applications","volume":"18","author":"Vafapour","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2016.12.006","article-title":"Graphene quantum dots prepared from glucose as optical sensor for glucose","volume":"184","author":"Shehab","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2018.1486324","article-title":"A review of optical methods for continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"54","author":"Jernelv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.01.121","article-title":"Wearable-band type visible-near infrared optical biosensor for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring","volume":"286","author":"Rachim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garz\u00f3n, V., Pinacho, D.G., Bustos, R.-H., Garz\u00f3n, G., and Bustamante, S. (2019). Optical Biosensors for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Biosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9040132"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3390\/s7060797","article-title":"Recent development in optical fiber biosensors","volume":"7","author":"Bosch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3390\/s150408787","article-title":"Optical nano antennas: State of the art, scope and challenges as a biosensor along with human exposure to nano-toxicology","volume":"15","author":"Kausar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.08.009","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted polymers in electrochemical and optical sensors","volume":"37","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generic sensor platform based on electro-responsive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (e-NanoMIPs)","volume":"6","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.01.001","article-title":"A nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer and its application in measuring saliva glucose","volume":"98","author":"Diouf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC06836H","article-title":"Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors based on polyaniline\/reduced-graphene-oxide nanocomposites functionalized with silver nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b00824","article-title":"Nanoscale Ni(OH)x films on carbon cloth prepared by atomic layer deposition and electrochemical activation for glucose sensing","volume":"2","author":"Wa","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05236-8","article-title":"Metal\u2013organic framework-derived yolk\u2013shell hollow Ni\/NiO@ C microspheres for bifunctional non-enzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide biosensors","volume":"56","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1680\/jsuin.20.00028","article-title":"Rational design of CoNi alloy and atomic Co\/Ni composite as an efficient electrocatalyst","volume":"9","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Innov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1039\/an9962100249","article-title":"Colloidal gold supported onto glassy carbon substrates as an amperometric sensor for carbohydrates in flow injection and liquid chromatography","volume":"121","author":"Casella","year":"1996","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104507","article-title":"Synthesis of mesoporous nickel ferrite nanoparticles by use of citrate framework methodology and application for electrooxidation of glucose in alkaline media","volume":"153","author":"Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2020.116488","article-title":"Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene)\/electroreduced graphene oxide modified gold electrode","volume":"268","author":"Urhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58403-x","article-title":"Core-shell gold-nickel nanostructures as highly selective and stable nonenzymatic glucose sensor for fermentation process","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x","article-title":"Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery","volume":"102","author":"Clark","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Renneberg, R., Pfeiffer, D., Lisdat, F., Wilson, G., Wollenberger, U., Ligler, F., and Turner, A.P. (2007). Frieder Scheller and the short history of biosensors. Biosensing for the 21st Century, Springer."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.04.003","article-title":"Glucose oxidase\u2014An overview","volume":"27","author":"Bankar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-019-01036-w","article-title":"Development of an interference-minimized amperometric-FIA glucose biosensor at a pyrocatechol violet\/glucose dehydrogenase-modified graphite pencil electrode","volume":"74","author":"Karakaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.137477","article-title":"Oxygen insensitive amperometric glucose biosensor based on FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase co-entrapped with DCPIP or DCNQ in a polydopamine layer","volume":"367","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12522","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3001606","article-title":"Xylose-insensitive direct electron transfer biosensor strip with single-walled carbon nanotubes and novel fungal flavin adenine dinucleotide glucose dehydrogenase","volume":"20","author":"Iwasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.134998","article-title":"Electron transfer from FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase to single-sheet graphene electrodes","volume":"330","author":"Filipiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2020.107574","article-title":"NAD (P)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase: Applications for biosensors, bioelectrodes, and biofuel cells","volume":"135","author":"Stolarczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2020.107496","article-title":"PQQ-GDH\u2013Structure, function and application in bioelectrochemistry","volume":"134","author":"Lisdat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Neethirajan, S., Karunakaran, C., and Jayas, D. (2005, January 26\u201329). Biosensors\u2014An Emerging Technology for the Agricultural and Food Industry. Proceedings of the CSAE\/SCGR 2005 Meeting, Winnipeg, MB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500507","article-title":"Review of glucose oxidases and glucose dehydrogenases: A bird\u2019s eye view of glucose sensing enzymes","volume":"5","author":"Ferri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.01.030","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene YMR291W\/TDA1 mediates the in vivo phosphorylation of hexokinase isoenzyme 2 at serine-15","volume":"586","author":"Kettner","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Buford, R.J., Green, E.C., and McClung, M.J. (2008, January 12\u201314). A microwave frequency sensor for non-invasive blood-glucose measurement. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72114-3","article-title":"Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: Novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration","volume":"10","author":"Omer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.120922","article-title":"Wearable non-invasive monitors of diabetes and hypoxia through continuous analysis of sweat","volume":"215","author":"Karpova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.M., Saha, S., Saha, P., Nur, F.N., Moon, N.N., Karim, A., and Azam, S. (2020, January 25\u201326). D-care: A non-invasive glucose measuring technique for monitoring diabetes patients. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Computational Intelligence, Dhaka, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7564-4_38"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/214986a0","article-title":"The enzyme electrode","volume":"214","author":"Updike","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)82476-4","article-title":"An enzyme electrode for the amperometric determination of glucose","volume":"64","author":"Guilbault","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra22351a","article-title":"Recent advances in electrochemical glucose biosensors: A review","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00110a016","article-title":"Prussian blue-based first-generation biosensor. A sensitive amperometric electrode for glucose","volume":"67","author":"Karyakin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.05.028","article-title":"An amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on Co3O4 nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"311","author":"Dalkiran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068123a","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose biosensors","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1021\/la504358t","article-title":"Functional layer-by-layer design of xerogel-based first-generation amperometric glucose biosensors","volume":"31","author":"Poulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4109(200108)13:12<983::AID-ELAN983>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Glucose biosensors: 40 years of advances and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3832","DOI":"10.1021\/ac960239r","article-title":"Miniaturized biosensors employing electropolymerized permselective films and their use for creatinine assays in human serum","volume":"68","author":"Buck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00109a046","article-title":"Correlation between permselectivity and chemical structure of overoxidized polypyrrole membranes used in electroproduced enzyme biosensors","volume":"67","author":"Palmisano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.09.063","article-title":"Enzymatic glucose\/oxygen biofuel cells: Use of oxygen-rich cathodes for operation under severe oxygen-deficit conditions","volume":"122","author":"Jeerapan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00210a004","article-title":"Electropolymerized 1, 2-diaminobenzene as a means to prevent interferences and fouling and to stabilize immobilized enzyme in electrochemical biosensors","volume":"62","author":"Sasso","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00223a016","article-title":"Glucose fast-response amperometric sensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized in an electropolymerized poly (o-phenylenediamine) film","volume":"62","author":"Malitesta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00079a038","article-title":"Elimination of the acetaminophen interference in an implantable glucose sensor","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140071002","article-title":"Use of polymer films in amperometric biosensors","volume":"7","author":"Emr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00093a011","article-title":"Highly selective membrane-free, mediator-free glucose biosensor","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4594","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00120a027","article-title":"Catalytic materials, membranes, and fabrication technologies suitable for the construction of amperometric biosensors","volume":"67","author":"Newman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(95)00152-P","article-title":"Amperometric biosensors based on the immobilization of oxidases in a Prussian blue film by electrochemical codeposition","volume":"310","author":"Chi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(95)04128-B","article-title":"Highly selective biosensing of glucose utilizing a glucose oxidase+ rhodium+ Nafion\u00ae biocatalytic-electrocatalytic-permselective surface microstructure","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.113550","article-title":"Fabrication of a glucose oxidase\/multiporous tin-oxide nanofiber film on Prussian blue\u2013modified gold electrode for biosensing","volume":"852","author":"Kafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs","volume":"37","author":"Melchels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.05.015","article-title":"based synthesis of Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for the development of whole blood glucose electrochemical biosensor","volume":"187","author":"Cinti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.072","article-title":"Comparative analysis of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for electrochemical sensing of glucose on gold printed circuit boards","volume":"90","author":"Alhans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201002117","article-title":"Highly sensitive glucose biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors using platinum gate electrodes modified with enzyme and nanomaterials","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110273","article-title":"Cu-nanoflower decorated gold nanoparticles-graphene oxide nanofiber as electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection","volume":"107","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.04.035","article-title":"Electrospinning of highly dispersed Ni\/CoO carbon nanofiber and its application in glucose electrochemical sensor","volume":"847","author":"Mei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"381A","article-title":"Can continuous glucose monitoring be used for the treatment of diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Reach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1021\/ac203056m","article-title":"Reagentless biosensor based on glucose oxidase wired by the mediator freely diffusing in enzyme containing membrane","volume":"84","author":"Sekretaryova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00289a042","article-title":"Two-dimensional enzyme electrode sensor for glucose","volume":"57","author":"Gough","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1021\/ja972759p","article-title":"Oxygen-rich oxidase enzyme electrodes for operation in oxygen-free solutions","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)01116-3","article-title":"Comparison of oxygen-rich and mediator-based glucose-oxidase carbon-paste electrodes","volume":"441","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2009.02.009","article-title":"Air diffusion biocathode with CueO as electrocatalyst adsorbed on carbon particle-modified electrodes","volume":"76","author":"Kontani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05109","article-title":"Microneedle-based detection of ketone bodies along with glucose and lactate: Toward real-time continuous interstitial fluid monitoring of diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis","volume":"92","author":"Teymourian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00004a048","article-title":"Electron transfer between glucose oxidase and electrodes via redox mediators bound with flexible chains to the enzyme surface","volume":"113","author":"Schuhmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.03.055","article-title":"Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on an ether-linked cobalt (II) phthalocyanine\u2013cobalt (II) tetraphenylporphyrin pentamer as a redox mediator","volume":"51","author":"Ozoemena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2014.09.007","article-title":"Development of glucose biosensor based on reconstitution of glucose oxidase onto polymeric redox mediator coated pencil graphite electrodes","volume":"68","author":"Dervisevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.10.038","article-title":"A novel glucose sensor using lutetium phthalocyanine as redox mediator in reduced graphene oxide conducting polymer multifunctional hydrogel","volume":"92","author":"Komathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200704121","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors for medical and food applications","volume":"20","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7671","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00304B","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose sensors in diabetes management: An updated review (2010\u20132020)","volume":"49","author":"Teymourian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, N., Lee, J., Loew, N., Takahashi-Inose, Y., Okuda-Shimazaki, J., Kojima, K., Mori, K., Tsugawa, W., and Sode, K. (2020). Engineered glucose oxidase capable of quasi-direct electron transfer after a quick-and-easy modification with a mediator. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031137"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2020.10.015","article-title":"A study on the stability and sensitivity of mediator-based enzymatic glucose sensor measured by catalyst consisting of multilayer stacked via layer-by-layer","volume":"93","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.02.060","article-title":"Dawson-type polyoxometalate nanoclusters confined in a carbon nanotube matrix as efficient redox mediators for enzymatic glucose biofuel cell anodes and glucose biosensors","volume":"109","author":"Boussema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G3008","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0021812jes","article-title":"Miniaturized amperometric glucose sensors based on polymer\/enzyme modified carbon electrodes in the sub-micrometer scale","volume":"165","author":"Marquitan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.05.004","article-title":"Long-term implantable glucose biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Bobrowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1021\/j100188a007","article-title":"Electrical connection of enzyme redox centers to electrodes","volume":"96","author":"Heller","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201900202","article-title":"Avidin and Glucose Oxidase-non-covalently Functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes: A New Analytical Tool for Building a Bienzymatic Glucose Biosensor","volume":"31","author":"Gallay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.03.147","article-title":"Fabrication of a third-generation glucose biosensor using graphene-polyethyleneimine-gold nanoparticles hybrid","volume":"232","author":"Rafighi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2115-5","article-title":"Wiring of glucose oxidase with graphene nanoribbons: An electrochemical third generation glucose biosensor","volume":"184","author":"Mehmeti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10321","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9608611","article-title":"Electrical wiring of glucose oxidase by reconstitution of FAD-modified monolayers assembled onto Au-electrodes","volume":"118","author":"Willner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200803098","article-title":"Apoenzyme reconstitution as a chemical tool for structural enzymology and biotechnology","volume":"48","author":"Fruk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200704128","article-title":"Design of amperometric biosensors and biofuel cells by the reconstitution of electrically contacted enzyme electrodes","volume":"20","author":"Zayats","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12400","DOI":"10.1021\/ja052841h","article-title":"Reconstitution of apo-glucose dehydrogenase on pyrroloquinoline quinone-functionalized Au nanoparticles yields an electrically contacted biocatalyst","volume":"127","author":"Zayats","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201200535","article-title":"Development of amperometric glucose biosensor based on reconstitution of glucose oxidase on polymeric 3-aminophenyl boronic acid monolayer","volume":"25","author":"Nergiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00188a091","article-title":"Electrical communication between redox centers of glucose oxidase and electrodes via electrostatically and covalently bound redox polymers","volume":"111","author":"Degani","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1021\/jz1011324","article-title":"Biocatalytic implant of Pt nanoclusters into glucose oxidase: A method to electrically wire the enzyme and to transform it from an oxidase to a hydrogenase","volume":"1","author":"Yehezkeli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.057","article-title":"A novel glucose biosensor based on direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase incorporated in biomediated gold nanoparticles\u2013carbon nanotubes composite film","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2010.11.005","article-title":"Amine functionalized TiO2 coated on carbon nanotube as a nanomaterial for direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and glucose biosensing","volume":"68","author":"Tasviri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1021\/ac802193c","article-title":"Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on graphene","volume":"81","author":"Shan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.04.044","article-title":"Direct electron transfer in a mediator-free glucose oxidase-based carbon nanotube-coated biosensor","volume":"50","author":"Jose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19262","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2071237","article-title":"Engineering of glucose oxidase for direct electron transfer via site-specific gold nanoparticle conjugation","volume":"133","author":"Holland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1039\/C0AN00311E","article-title":"A third generation glucose biosensor based on cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophilus and single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"136","author":"Tasca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111435","article-title":"Cell-based biosensors: Recent trends, challenges and future perspectives","volume":"141","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.06.003","article-title":"Enzyme based amperometric biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Bollella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504855","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Glucose Biosensors Based on Nanostructured Metal-Oxides","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.3390\/s120505996","article-title":"A Critical Review of Glucose Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00172","article-title":"Functional nanomaterials and nanostructures enhancing electrochemical biosensors and lab-on-a-chip performances: Recent progress, applications, and future perspective","volume":"119","author":"Wongkaew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7072","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB01346A","article-title":"Synthesis of gold nanoparticles supported on functionalized nanosilica using deep eutectic solvent for an electrochemical enzymatic glucose biosensor","volume":"5","author":"Prokhorov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.12.068","article-title":"A highly sensitive glucose biosensor based on a micro disk array electrode design modified with carbon quantum dots and gold nanoparticles","volume":"298","author":"Buk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16541-9","article-title":"Globular shaped polypyrrole doped well-dispersed functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes\/nafion composite for enzymatic glucose biosensor application","volume":"7","author":"Shrestha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-4047-8","article-title":"Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with cobalt (II) sulfide nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing of glucose via direct electron transfer to glucose oxidase","volume":"187","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114602","article-title":"MnO2\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes based nanocomposite with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for sensitive amperometric glucose biosensing","volume":"878","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.07.013","article-title":"Enzymatic glucose biosensor based on manganese dioxide nanoparticles decorated on graphene nanoribbons","volume":"823","author":"Fabian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2020.105391","article-title":"Depositing reduced graphene oxide on ZnO nanorods to improve the performance of enzymatic glucose sensors","volume":"121","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.113990","article-title":"PtNPs decorated chemically derived graphene and carbon nanotubes for sensitive and selective glucose biosensing","volume":"861","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.12.002","article-title":"A highly permselective electrochemical glucose sensor using red blood cell membrane","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/138920207780368187","article-title":"Functional properties and genomics of glucose transporters","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00011.2007","article-title":"Facilitated hexose transporters: New perspectives on form and function","volume":"22","author":"Manolescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN02421B","article-title":"A bio-inspired highly selective enzymatic glucose sensor using a red blood cell membrane","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(00)00082-8","article-title":"Glucose sensor with improved haemocompatibilty","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8264","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP06830D","article-title":"Conducting polymer based electrochemical biosensors","volume":"18","author":"Aydemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.07.147","article-title":"A novel flexible electrochemical glucose sensor based on gold nanoparticles\/polyaniline arrays\/carbon cloth electrode","volume":"252","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2018.11.001","article-title":"A multipurpose conjugated polymer: Electrochromic device and biosensor construction for glucose detection","volume":"65","author":"Soylemez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.01.061","article-title":"Ratiometric electrochemical glucose sensor based on electroactive Schiff base polymers","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00060","article-title":"Chitosan-covered Pd@ Pt core\u2013shell nanocubes for direct electron transfer in electrochemical enzymatic glucose biosensor","volume":"2","author":"Krishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00103a015","article-title":"Design and optimization of a selective subcutaneously implantable glucose electrode based on \u201cwired\u201d glucose oxidase","volume":"67","author":"Csoeregi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1701629","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701629","article-title":"Skin-like biosensor system via electrochemical channels for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.12.014","article-title":"Mouthguard biosensor with telemetry system for monitoring of saliva glucose: A novel cavitas sensor","volume":"84","author":"Arakawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.05.015","article-title":"A novel disposable self-adhesive inked paper device for electrochemical sensing of dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters and biosensing of glucose","volume":"138","author":"Orzari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c00647","article-title":"Printable Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors Using Carbon Nanotube-PtNP Nanocomposites Modified with AuRu for Improved Selectivity","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(85)85084-1","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of glucose electrooxidation on different electrode-catalysts: Part I. Adsorption and oxidation on platinum","volume":"196","author":"Vassilyev","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(85)85085-3","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of glucose electrooxidation on different electrode-catalysts: Part II. Effect of the nature of the electrode and the electrooxidation mechanism","volume":"196","author":"Vassilyev","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)15359-4","article-title":"Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors: A perspective and an evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Toghill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.05.051","article-title":"Recent advances in electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors\u2014A review","volume":"1033","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.200900022","article-title":"Breakthrough and future: Nanoscale controls of compositions, morphologies, and mesochannel orientations toward advanced mesoporous materials","volume":"9","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2020.06.013","article-title":"Construction hierarchically mesoporous\/microporous materials based on block copolymer and covalent organic framework","volume":"112","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.11.006","article-title":"Nickel oxide hollow microsphere for non-enzyme glucose detection","volume":"54","author":"Ci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.11.115","article-title":"Non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Au nanoparticles decorated ternary Ni-Al layered double hydroxide\/single-walled carbon nanotubes\/graphene nanocomposite","volume":"152","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.059","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon nanotube\u2013nickel nanocomposites using atomic layer deposition for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensing","volume":"63","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112355","article-title":"A novel high performance non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor based on activated carbon-supported Pt-Ni nanocomposite","volume":"300","author":"Cellat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(94)85173-5","article-title":"Premonolayer oxidation and its role in electrocatalysis","volume":"39","author":"Burke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/53\/10\/001","article-title":"Chemisorption on metal surfaces","volume":"53","author":"Norsko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.11.009","article-title":"Disposable non-enzymatic blood glucose sensing strip based on nanoporous platinum particles","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.08.175","article-title":"A green synthetic approach for size tunable nanoporous gold nanoparticles and its glucose sensing application","volume":"462","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7145","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.11377","article-title":"Nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for glucose based on nanoporous platinum-gold alloy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-008-0632-1","article-title":"Electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose on Ni and NiCu alloy modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"13","author":"Jafarian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(77)85079-2","article-title":"The electrochemical oxidation of glucose on platinum\u2014I. The oxidation in 1 M H2SO4","volume":"22","author":"Skou","year":"1977","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.05.080","article-title":"Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors","volume":"556","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA24249E","article-title":"Revisiting the oxidation peak in the cathodic scan of the cyclic voltammogram of alcohol oxidation on noble metal electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.07.071","article-title":"Facile fabrication of nanoporous platinum by alloying\u2013dealloying process and its application in glucose sensing","volume":"173","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.04.069","article-title":"Mechanism of glucose electrochemical oxidation on gold surface","volume":"55","author":"Pasta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2014.05.012","article-title":"Synthesis of hollow Pt\u2013Ni\u2013graphene nanostructures for nonenzymatic glucose detection","volume":"726","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.03.061","article-title":"Non-enzymatic glucose sensing based on hierarchical platinum micro-\/nanostructures","volume":"816","author":"Weltin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.02.018","article-title":"Electrochemically roughened nanoporous platinum electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose sensors","volume":"231","author":"Weremfo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.03.036","article-title":"Enzyme-free amperometric detection of glucose on platinum-replaced porous copper frameworks","volume":"165","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)06574-4","article-title":"Fabrication of a nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with platinum and silver hybrid composite","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.08.062","article-title":"Growth of coral-like PtAu\u2013MnO2 binary nanocomposites on free-standing graphene paper for flexible nonenzymatic glucose sensors","volume":"41","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01549","article-title":"Small naked Pt nanoparticles confined in mesoporous shell of hollow carbon spheres for high-performance nonenzymatic sensing of H2O2 and glucose","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.01.085","article-title":"Synthesis of highly dispersed Pt nanoclusters anchored graphene composites and their application for non-enzymatic glucose sensing","volume":"157","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00119","article-title":"Electrochemical deposition: An advanced approach for templated synthesis of nanoporous metal architectures","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp43097e","article-title":"Nanoporous platinum thin films synthesized by electrochemical dealloying for nonenzymatic glucose detection","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0263465","article-title":"Nonenzymatic glucose detection using mesoporous platinum","volume":"75","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(92)87008-N","article-title":"The role of incipient hydrous oxides in the oxidation of glucose and some of its derivatives in aqueous media","volume":"37","author":"Burke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03214967","article-title":"Alkaline glucose oxidation on nanostructured gold electrodes","volume":"43","author":"Pasta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gold Bull."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2019.03.024","article-title":"Nanoporous gold chemically de-alloyed from Au-based amorphous thin film for electrochemical nonenzymatic H2O2 sensing","volume":"723","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.10.081","article-title":"Effects of pore size and residual Ag on electrocatalytic properties of nanoporous gold films prepared by pulse electrochemical dealloying","volume":"153","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.05.028","article-title":"Enzyme-free glucose sensor based on a three-dimensional gold film electrode","volume":"134","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.07.023","article-title":"Gold nanowire array electrode for non-enzymatic voltammetric and amperometric glucose detection","volume":"142","author":"Cherevko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2016.02.012","article-title":"Bubble electrodeposition of gold porous nanocorals for the enzymatic and non-enzymatic detection of glucose","volume":"112","author":"Taurino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.06.095","article-title":"Porous gold cluster film prepared from Au@ BSA microspheres for electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensor","volume":"138","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127113","article-title":"Laser and thermal dewetting of gold layer onto graphene paper for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose and fructose","volume":"301","author":"Scandurra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84893","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA12506A","article-title":"Recent advances in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors based on non-precious transition metal materials: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.04.009","article-title":"Metal nanostructures for non-enzymatic glucose sensing","volume":"70","author":"Tee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(95)04099-A","article-title":"Electrooxidation of alcohols and sugars catalysed on a nickel oxide modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"394","author":"Berchmans","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(71)80040-2","article-title":"The oxidation of organic compounds at a nickel anode in alkaline solution","volume":"31","author":"Fleischmann","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(92)85055-P","article-title":"Electrochemical characterization of carbohydrate oxidation at copper electrodes","volume":"37","author":"Marioli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(93)03252-K","article-title":"Electrocatalytic oxidation of carbohydrates at copper (II)-modified electrodes and its application to flow-through detection","volume":"372","author":"Kano","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"1671","article-title":"Application of N, N\u2019-Bis (acetylacetonato) propylenediimine Copper (II) Complex as Mediator for Glucose Biosensor","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Select"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.07.032","article-title":"Electrochemical sensing interfaces with tunable porosity for nonenzymatic glucose detection: A Cu foam case","volume":"51","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.12.064","article-title":"Glucose sensing on graphite screen-printed electrode modified by sparking of copper nickel alloys","volume":"165","author":"Riman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-013-1142-0","article-title":"Nonenzymatic sensing of glucose at neutral pH values using a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene nanosheets and Pt-Pd bimetallic nanocubes","volume":"181","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ00888H","article-title":"A portable micro glucose sensor based on copper-based nanocomposite structure","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.10.006","article-title":"A flexible non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper nanoparticles anchored on laser-induced graphene","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.03.150","article-title":"Three-dimensional copper foam supported CuO nanowire arrays: An efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor","volume":"235","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002133","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202002133","article-title":"Rapid Fabrication of Superhydrophilic Micro\/Nanostructured Nickel Foam Toward High-Performance Glucose Sensor","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.11.004","article-title":"High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor by hierarchical flower-like nickel (II)-based MOF\/carbon nanotubes composite","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.07.175","article-title":"An efficient electrochemical glucose sensor based on porous nickel-based metal organic framework\/carbon nanotubes composite (Ni-MOF\/CNTs)","volume":"767","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2003.12.022","article-title":"Effect of metal ad-layers on Au (1 1 1) electrodes on electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in an alkaline solution","volume":"567","author":"Aoun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.03.115","article-title":"Nonenzymatic detection of glucose using three-dimensional PtNi nanoclusters electrodeposited on the multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"231","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.04.045","article-title":"Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on ultrasonic-electrodeposition of bimetallic PtM (M = Ru, Pd and Au) nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes\u2013ionic liquid composite film","volume":"24","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.06.037","article-title":"A fine pointed glucose oxidase immobilized electrode for low-invasive amperometric glucose monitoring","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2012.05.024","article-title":"Amperometric non-enzymatic bimetallic glucose sensor based on platinum tellurium microtubes modified electrode","volume":"22","author":"Guascito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061933X15030217","article-title":"Adsorption of Bi III on Pt nanoparticles leading to the enhanced electrocatalysis of glucose oxidation","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloid J."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.06.034","article-title":"Bimetallic Pt\u2013Au nanocatalysts electrochemically deposited on boron-doped diamond electrodes for nonenzymatic glucose detection","volume":"98","author":"Nantaphol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.20964\/2016.08.57","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Bimetallic PtxCu1-x Nanostrands and Their Application in Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60563","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA07624A","article-title":"3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and organic electron donors mediated synthesis of functional amphiphilic gold nanoparticles and their bioanalytical applications","volume":"4","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"Marketsandmarkets (2020, May 16). Biosensors Market. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/biosensors-market-798.html."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2019.107409","article-title":"Pyranose oxidase: A versatile sugar oxidoreductase for bioelectrochemical applications","volume":"132","author":"Abrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugger, D., Krondorfer, I., Shelswell, C., Huber-Dittes, B., Haltrich, D., and Peterbauer, C.K. (2014). Engineering pyranose 2-oxidase for modified oxygen reactivity. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109242"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201800096","article-title":"Amperometric Flow Injection Analysis of Glucose and Galactose Based on Engineered Pyranose 2-Oxidases and Osmium Polymers for Biosensor Applications","volume":"30","author":"Kurbanoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-019-00441-w","article-title":"4D Printing: Future Insight in Additive Manufacturing","volume":"26","author":"Zafar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411.2019.1591541","article-title":"Developments in 4D-printing: A review on current smart materials, technologies, and applications","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maniruzzaman, M. (2019). 3D and 4D Printing in Biomedical Applications: Process Engineering and Additive Manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527813704"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-015-0835-1","article-title":"Direct patterning of gold nanoparticles using flexographic printing for biosensing applications","volume":"10","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.09.022","article-title":"An amperometric glucose biosensor prototype fabricated by thermal inkjet printing","volume":"20","author":"Setti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200800583","article-title":"Dip-pen-nanolithographic patterning of metallic, semiconductor, and metal oxide nanostructures on surfaces","volume":"5","author":"Basnar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-014-1181-1","article-title":"Screen-printed electrodes for biosensing: A review (2008\u20132013)","volume":"181","author":"Taleat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1179\/1743280414Y.0000000040","article-title":"Inkjet printing biomaterials for tissue engineering: Bioprinting","volume":"59","author":"Saunders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.39","article-title":"Applications of dip-pen nanolithography","volume":"2","author":"Salaita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.10.033","article-title":"Nonenzymatic continuous glucose monitoring in human whole blood using electrified nanoporous Pt","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"103","article-title":"3D metal printing technology","volume":"49","author":"Duda","year":"2016","journal-title":"IFAC Pap."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"353","article-title":"Utility biosensors for applications in agriculture\u2014A Review","volume":"6","author":"Rana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otero, F., and Magner, E. (2020). Biosensors\u2014recent advances and future challenges in electrode materials. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123561"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:27:37Z","timestamp":1760164057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/14\/4672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s21144672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21144672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]}}}