{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:35:36Z","timestamp":1772555736096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 313036\/2020-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 313036\/2020-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Russian Federation","award":["Grant 08-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 08-08"]}]},{"name":"King Khalid University Scientific Research Group","award":["Grant number (R. G. P. 1\/127\/42)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number (R. G. P. 1\/127\/42)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained great significance from researchers and industry due to their wide applications. Energy and resource conservation challenges are facing the WSNs. Nevertheless, clustering techniques offer many solutions to address the WSN issues, such as energy efficiency, service redundancy, routing delay, scalability, and making WSNs more efficient. Unfortunately, the WSNs are still immature, and suffering in several aspects. This paper aims to solve some of the downsides in existing routing protocols for WSNs; a Lightweight and Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Election routing protocol (LEDCHE-WSN) is proposed. The proposed routing algorithm comprises two integrated methods, electing the optimum cluster head, and organizing the re-clustering process dynamically. Furthermore, the proposed protocol improves on others present in the literature by combining the random and periodic electing method in the same round, and the random method starts first at the beginning of each round\/cycle. Moreover, both random and periodic electing methods are preceded by checking the remaining power to skip the dead nodes and continue in the same way periodically with the rest of the nodes in the round. Additionally, the proposed protocol is distinguished by deleting dead nodes from the network topology list during the re-clustering process to address the black holes and routing delay problems. Finally, the proposed algorithm\u2019s mathematical modeling and analysis are introduced. The experimental results reveal the proposed protocol outperforms the LEACH protocol by approximately 32% and the FBCFP protocol by 8%, in terms of power consumption and network lifetime. In terms of Mean Package Delay, LEDCHE-WSN improves the LEACH protocol by 42% and the FBCFP protocol by 15%, and regarding Loss Ratio, it improves the LEACH protocol by approximately 46% and FBCFP protocol by 25%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"5206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Lightweight and Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mudathir F. S.","family":"Yagoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Omdurman Islamic, Khartoum 825109, Sudan"},{"name":"College of Graduate Studies, Department of Computer Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST), Khartoum 825109, Sudan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0847-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Othman O.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Gombak 53100, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelzahir","family":"Abdelmaboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, King Khalid University, Mayahel Aseer, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Valery","family":"Korotaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei A.","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel J. P. C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1558-2","article-title":"Cluster head selection for energy efficient and delay-less routing in wireless sensor network","volume":"25","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"246","article-title":"Energy Optimization in Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Shankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. 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