{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:43:48Z","timestamp":1768823028156,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTC-2017-6536-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC-2017-6536-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0677\\_DISRUPTIVE\\_2\\_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0677\\_DISRUPTIVE\\_2\\_E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yearly population growth will lead to a significant increase in agricultural production in the coming years. Twenty-first century agricultural producers will be facing the challenge of achieving food security and efficiency. This must be achieved while ensuring sustainable agricultural systems and overcoming the problems posed by climate change, depletion of water resources, and the potential for increased erosion and loss of productivity due to extreme weather conditions. Those environmental consequences will directly affect the price setting process. In view of the price oscillations and the lack of transparent information for buyers, a multi-agent system (MAS) is presented in this article. It supports the making of decisions in the purchase of sustainable agricultural products. The proposed MAS consists of a system that supports decision-making when choosing a supplier on the basis of certain preference-based parameters aimed at measuring the sustainability of a supplier and a deep Q-learning agent for agricultural future market price forecast. Therefore, different agri-environmental indicators (AEIs) have been considered, as well as the use of edge computing technologies to reduce costs of data transfer to the cloud. The presented MAS combines price setting optimizations and user preferences in regards to accessing, filtering, and integrating information. The agents filter and fuse information relevant to a user according to supplier attributes and a dynamic environment. The results presented in this paper allow a user to choose the supplier that best suits their preferences as well as to gain insight on agricultural future markets price oscillations through a deep Q-learning agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T21:44:24Z","timestamp":1628113464000},"page":"5276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Deep Q-Learning and Preference Based Multi-Agent System for Sustainable Agricultural Market"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2194-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Pons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6599-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo S.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub, 37188 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-055X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goreti","family":"Marreiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Corchado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub, 37188 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Communication, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Pusat Komputeran dan Informatik, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bachok 16300, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nelson, G.C., Rosegrant, M.W., Koo, J., Robertson, R., Sulser, T., Zhu, T., Ringler, C., Msangi, S., Palazzo, A., and Batka, M. 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