{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:38:14Z","timestamp":1764175094051,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["269188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["269188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective ocean management requires integrated and sustainable ocean observing systems enabling us to map and understand ecosystem properties and the effects of human activities. Autonomous subsurface and surface vehicles, here collectively referred to as \u201cgliders\u201d, are part of such ocean observing systems providing high spatiotemporal resolution. In this paper, we present some of the results achieved through the project \u201cUnmanned ocean vehicles, a flexible and cost-efficient offshore monitoring and data management approach\u2014GLIDER\u201d. In this project, three autonomous surface and underwater vehicles were deployed along the Lofoten\u2013Vester\u00e5len (LoVe) shelf-slope-oceanic system, in Arctic Norway. The aim of this effort was to test whether gliders equipped with novel sensors could effectively perform ecosystem surveys by recording physical, biogeochemical, and biological data simultaneously. From March to September 2018, a period of high biological activity in the area, the gliders were able to record a set of environmental parameters, including temperature, salinity, and oxygen, map the spatiotemporal distribution of zooplankton, and record cetacean vocalizations and anthropogenic noise. A subset of these parameters was effectively employed in near-real-time data assimilative ocean circulation models, improving their local predictive skills. The results presented here demonstrate that autonomous gliders can be effective long-term, remote, noninvasive ecosystem monitoring and research platforms capable of operating in high-latitude marine ecosystems. Accordingly, these platforms can record high-quality baseline environmental data in areas where extractive activities are planned and provide much-needed information for operational and management purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T06:38:41Z","timestamp":1634107121000},"page":"6752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Autonomous Surface and Underwater Vehicles as Effective Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Platforms in the Arctic\u2014The Glider Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lionel","family":"Camus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5334-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Aniceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Bioeconomics, UiT\u2014The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Aune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Kanchana","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty for Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bod\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6000-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcnnje","family":"Basedow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0371 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Daase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Stig","family":"Falk-Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3555-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peer","family":"Fietzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kongsberg Maritime Germany GmbH, 22529 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Gro","family":"Fonnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Peygham","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Gramvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kongsberg Digital, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aanderaa Xylem, 5225 Nesttun, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Sub Sea Consulting & Services, 2326 Nicosia, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Tor","family":"Langeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Lura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS, 4056 Tananger, Norway"}]},{"given":"Trond","family":"Kristiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marin Biogeochemistry and Oceanography, NIVA, 0579 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"N\u00f8st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Peddie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offshore Sensing AS, 5072 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Pederick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime Robotics AS, 7010 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Sperrevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0371 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marin Biogeochemistry and Oceanography, NIVA, 0579 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Tassara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Sigurd","family":"Tj\u00f8stheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kongsberg Digital, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway"}]},{"given":"Vigdis","family":"Tverberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty for Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bod\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Salve","family":"Dahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.926","article-title":"The role of the oceans in climate","volume":"23","author":"Bigg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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