{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:32:17Z","timestamp":1760236337362,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper studies the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS) to assess the performance of fractional-order variable structure controllers (VSCs). The test bed consisted of a revolute planar robotic manipulator. The fractional derivatives required by the VSC can be obtained either by adopting numerical real-time signal processing or by using adequate sensors exhibiting fractional dynamics. Integer (fractional) VCS and fractional (integer) sliding mode combinations with different design parameters were tested. Two performance indices based in the time and frequency domains were adopted to compare the system states. The MDS generated the loci of objects corresponding to the tested cases, and the patterns were interpreted as signatures of the system behavior. Numerical experiments illustrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the approach for assessing and visualizing VSC systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"7736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fractional-Order Sensing and Control: Embedding the Nonlinear Dynamics of Robot Manipulators into the Multidimensional Scaling Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4274-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Tenreiro Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1977.1101446","article-title":"Variable Structure Systems with Sliding Modes","volume":"22","author":"Utkin","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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