{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:39:50Z","timestamp":1765888790492,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2019\/14229-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/14229-6"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["306577\/2020-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306577\/2020-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","award":["88887.646066\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.646066\/2021-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of aPDT for the treatment of halitosis. Methods: Search strategies were conducted in October 2021 without language or data restrictions, on the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, LILACS and BBO, as well as a manual search. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with parallel design were considered for inclusion, assessing individuals (adolescents and adults) with a clinical diagnosis of halitosis treated with photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Primary outcomes assessed were halitosis measurements, adverse events and quality of life. The risk of bias for each included study was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the certainty of the body of the evidence was assessed with the GRADe approach. Results: Six RCTs (total of 225 participants) were included and due to clinical diversities it was not possible to group the outcome data in meta-analyses. Based on very low-certainty evidence (GRADE) the results showed that, when compared to tongue scraper, aPDT seems to promote a little to no difference in reducing halitosis and in the microbiological analysis. No adverse events were reported. Considering aPDT combined with tongue scraper, better outcome results were observed when compared to tongue scraper alone. Conclusions: Based on very low-certainty evidence, the findings of this review are uncertain about the effects of aPDT for halitosis control. Further RCTs with higher number of participants and long term assessments need to be conducted to support the use of this intervention. The protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (number: CRD42020215319) on 19 November 2020\u2014retrospectively registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Halitosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pamella de Barros","family":"Motta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7774-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara Jansiski","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Thalita Molinos","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcela Leticia Leal","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos 11045-002, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Elaine Marc\u00edlio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos 11045-002, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza Cabrera","family":"Martimbianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos 11045-002, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"David Jos\u00e9 Casimiro","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel Agnelli","family":"Mesquita-Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristianne Porta Santos","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini","family":"Horliana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Sandra Kalil","family":"Bussadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Halitosis: A review of current literature","volume":"84","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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