{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:11:28Z","timestamp":1774012288950,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["Grant 08-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 08-08"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 313036\/2020-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 313036\/2020-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory diseases are one of the most common causes of death in the world and this recent COVID-19 pandemic is a key example. Problems such as infections, in general, affect many people and depending on the form of transmission they can spread throughout the world and weaken thousands of people. Two examples are severe acute respiratory syndrome and the recent coronavirus disease. These diseases have mild and severe forms, in which patients gravely affected need ventilatory support. The equipment that serves as a basis for operation of the mechanical ventilator is the air\u2013oxygen blender, responsible for carrying out the air\u2013oxygen mixture in the proper proportions ensuring constant supply. New blender models are described in the literature together with applications of control techniques, such as Proportional, Integrative and Derivative (PID); Fuzzy; and Adaptive. The results obtained from the literature show a significant improvement in patient care when using automatic controls instead of manual adjustment, increasing the safety and accuracy of the treatment. This study presents a deep review of the state of the art in air\u2013oxygen benders, identifies the most relevant characteristics, performs a comparison study considering the most relevant available solutions, and identifies open research directions in the topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T01:40:23Z","timestamp":1646962823000},"page":"2182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Air\u2013Oxygen Blenders for Mechanical Ventilators: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Gabryel F.","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Otac\u00edlio M.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 W. M.","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Telematics, Federal Institute of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60040-531, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei S. A.","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics and Optoinformatics Faculty, ITMO University, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel J. P. C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics and Optoinformatics Faculty, ITMO University, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Research, Post-Graduation, and Innovation, Senac Faculty of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60160-194, Brazil"},{"name":"Covilh\u00e3 Delegation, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Forum of International Respiratory Societies (2017). The Global Impact of Respiratory Disease, European Respiratory Society. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, G., Loddenkemper, R., Sibille, Y., and Lundb\u00e4ck, B. (2013). 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