{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:15:03Z","timestamp":1769843703530,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Employment Stimulus - Individual Call - CEECIND\/03986\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Employment Stimulus - Individual Call - CEECIND\/03986\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IEETA\/UA R&D unit (UIDB\/00127\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IEETA\/UA R&D unit (UIDB\/00127\/2020)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00645\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00645\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, several studies have demonstrated the potential of electrocardiogram (ECG) to be used as a physiological signature for biometric systems (BS). We investigated the potential of ECG as a biometric trait for the identification and authentication of individuals. We used data from a public database, CYBHi, containing two off-the-person records from 63 subjects, separated by 3 months. For the BS, two templates were generated: (1) cardiac cycles (CC) and (2) scalograms. The identification with CC was performed with LDA, kNN, DT, and SVM, whereas a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a distance-based algorithm were used for scalograms. The authentication was performed with a distance-based algorithm, with a leave-one-out cross validation, for impostors evaluation. The identification system yielded accuracies of 79.37% and 69.84% for CC with LDA and scalograms with CNN, respectively. The authentication yielded an accuracy of 90.48% and an impostor score of 13.06% for CC, and it had an accuracy of 98.42% and an impostor score of 14.34% for scalograms. The obtained results support the claim that ECG can be successfully used for personal recognition. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to thoroughly compare templates and methodologies to optimize the performance of an ECG-based biometric system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"2202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Initial Study Using Electrocardiogram for Authentication and Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa M. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0025-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel C.","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5717-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Sebasti\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica, Instituto de Engenharia Electr\u00f3nica e Inform\u00e1tica de Aveiro, Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es e Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, R. 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