{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:47:52Z","timestamp":1762325272585,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00631\/2020 CEOT BASE","UIDP\/00631\/2020 CEOT PROGRAMATICO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00631\/2020 CEOT BASE","UIDP\/00631\/2020 CEOT PROGRAMATICO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional, FEDER\/Portugal2020","award":["NIBAP (ALG-01-0247-FEDER-037303)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIBAP (ALG-01-0247-FEDER-037303)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An ultra-low-cost RCL meter, aimed at IoT applications, was developed, and was used to measure electrical components based on standard techniques without the need of additional electronics beyond the AVR\u00ae micro-controller hardware itself and high-level routines. The models and pseudo-routines required to measure admittance parameters are described, and a benchmark between the ATmega328P and ATmega32U4 AVR\u00ae micro-controllers was performed to validate the resistance and capacitance measurements. Both ATmega328P and ATmega32U4 micro-controllers could measure isolated resistances from 0.5 \u2126 to 80 M\u2126 and capacitances from 100 fF to 4.7 mF. Inductance measurements are estimated at between 0.2 mH to 1.5 H. The accuracy and range of the measurements of series and parallel RC networks are demonstrated. The relative accuracy (ar) and relative precision (pr) of the measurements were quantified. For the resistance measurements, typically ar, pr &lt; 10% in the interval 100 \u03a9\u2013100 M\u03a9. For the capacitance, measured in one of the modes (fast mode), ar &lt; 20% and pr &lt; 5% in the range 100 fF\u201310 nF, while for the other mode (transient mode), typically ar &lt; 20% in the range 10 nF\u201310 mF and pr &lt; 5% for 100 pF\u201310 mF. ar falls below 5% in some sub-ranges. The combination of the two capacitance modes allows for measurements in the range 100 fF\u201310 mF (11 orders of magnitude) with ar &lt; 20%. Possible applications include the sensing of impedimetric sensor arrays targeted for wearable and in-body bioelectronics, smart agriculture, and smart cities, while complying with small form factor and low cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T02:56:20Z","timestamp":1647312980000},"page":"2227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Ultra-Low-Cost RCL-Meter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1986-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M. C.","family":"In\u00e1cio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOT\u2014Center for Electronics, Optoelectronics and Telecommunications, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8642-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOT\u2014Center for Electronics, Optoelectronics and Telecommunications, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Stallinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOT\u2014Center for Electronics, Optoelectronics and Telecommunications, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2952","article-title":"Next-generation wearable electronics","volume":"32","author":"Cima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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