{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:27:12Z","timestamp":1770272832357,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The world population growth and average life expectancy rise have increased the number of people suffering from non-communicable diseases, namely osteoarthritis, a disorder that causes a significant increase in the years lived with disability. Many people who suffer from osteoarthritis undergo replacement surgery. Despite the relatively high success rate, around 10% of patients require revision surgeries, mostly because existing implant technologies lack sensing devices capable of monitoring the bone\u2013implant interface. Among the several monitoring methodologies already proposed as substitutes for traditional imaging methods, cosurface capacitive sensing systems hold the potential to monitor the bone\u2013implant fixation states, a mandatory capability for long-term implant survival. A multifaceted study is offered here, which covers research on the following points: (1) the ability of a cosurface capacitor network to effectively monitor bone loosening in extended peri-implant regions and according to different stimulation frequencies; (2) the ability of these capacitive architectures to provide effective sensing in interfaces with hydroxyapatite-based layers; (3) the ability to control the operation of cosurface capacitive networks using extracorporeal informatic systems. In vitro tests were performed using a web-based network sensor composed of striped and interdigitated capacitive sensors. Hydroxyapatite-based layers have a minor effect on determining the fixation states; the effective operation of a sensor network-based solution communicating through a web server hosted on Raspberry Pi was shown. Previous studies highlight the inability of current bone\u2013implant fixation monitoring methods to significantly reduce the number of revision surgeries, as well as promising results of capacitive sensing systems to monitor micro-scale and macro-scale bone\u2013interface states. In this study, we found that extracorporeal informatic systems enable continuous patient monitoring using cosurface capacitive networks with or without hydroxyapatite-based layers. Findings presented here represent significant advancements toward the design of future multifunctional smart implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:31:25Z","timestamp":1648416685000},"page":"2531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multiscale Sensing of Bone-Implant Loosening for Multifunctional Smart Bone Implants: Using Capacitive Technologies for Precision Controllability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4637-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Peres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Rolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge A. F.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2658-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana C.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A. A. P.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6174-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco P.","family":"Soares dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.08.002","article-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders","volume":"28","author":"March","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract Res. 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