{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T03:56:51Z","timestamp":1777262211038,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT National Funds","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT National Funds","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this work is the design and validation of a directional Vivaldi antenna to detect tumor cells\u2019 electromagnetic waves with a frequency of around 5 GHz. The proposed antenna is 33% smaller than a traditional Vivaldi antenna due to the use of metamaterials in its design. It has an excellent return loss of 25 dB at 5 GHz and adequate radiation characteristics as its gain is 6.2 dB at 5 GHz. The unit cell size of the proposed metamaterial is 0.058\u03bb \u00d7 0.054\u03bb at the operation frequency of 5 GHz. The proposed antenna was designed and optimized in CST microwave software, and the measured and simulated results were in good agreement. The experimental study demonstrates that an array composed with the presented antennas can detect the existence of tumors in a liquid breast phantom with positional accuracy through the analysis of the minimum amplitude of Sii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"3945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Metamaterial Vivaldi Antenna Array for Breast Cancer Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marwa","family":"Slimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, FST, Microwave Electronics Research Laboratory, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 4800058, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5768-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassem","family":"Jmai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2394-2119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Gharsallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, FST, Microwave Electronics Research Laboratory, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 4800058, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2177-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Mateus","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, March 27). 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