{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:32:40Z","timestamp":1769149960449,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the EUROfusion Consortium and received funding from the Euratom research and training program 2014\u20132018 and 2019\u20132020","award":["grant agreement No 633053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant agreement No 633053"]}]},{"name":"the EUROfusion Consortium and received funding from the Euratom research and training program 2014\u20132018 and 2019\u20132020","award":["UIDB\/50010\/2020 and UIDP\/50010\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50010\/2020 and UIDP\/50010\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"\u2018Funda\u00e7ao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia\u2019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant agreement No 633053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant agreement No 633053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"\u2018Funda\u00e7ao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia\u2019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50010\/2020 and UIDP\/50010\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50010\/2020 and UIDP\/50010\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The unique arrangement of the heavy-ion beam diagnostic in ISTTOK enables one to measure the evolution of temperature, density and pressure-like profiles in normal and AC discharges. The fast chopping beam technique provided the possibility to reduce the noise on the measurements of the plasma pressure-like profile and for the precise control of the plasma column position in real time. The consequent improvements in S\/N levels allowed the observation of the effects of runaway beam magnetic energy conversion into plasma local heating. In addition, it made it possible to follow the evolution of the quiescent plasma maintained during AC transitions when the plasma current is null. The use of a new operation mode in the cylindrical energy analyzer provided an improved resolution up to five times in determining the fluctuations of the plasma potential as compared to the normal operation mode. Such analyzer is extremely compact (250 mm \u00d7 250 mm \u00d7 120 mm) and provides a unique geometry in order to cover the whole plasma diameter. The detector configuration choice gives the possibility for the simultaneous measurements of plasma poloidal magnetic field, plasma pressure-like and plasma potential profiles together with their fluctuations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Heavy-Ion Beam Diagnostic of the ISTTOK Tokamak\u2014Highlights and Recent Developments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2688-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Malaquias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasma e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"I. S.","family":"Nedzelskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasma e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasma e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Culham Science Centre, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/10\/2\/015","article-title":"A direct measurement of plasma space potential","volume":"10","author":"Jobes","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nucl. 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