{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:00:29Z","timestamp":1770462029583,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Brazilian Funding Agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)"},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)"},{"name":"the Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA)"},{"name":"the Military Institute of Engineering (IME) from Brazil"},{"name":"the Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)"},{"name":"the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto from Portugal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In many areas, the analysis of a cylindrical structure is necessary, and a form to analyze it is by evaluating the diameter changes. Some areas can be cited: pipelines for oil or gas distribution and radial growth of trees whose diameter changes are directly related to irrigation and the radial expansion since it depends on the water soil deficit. For some species, these radial variations can change in around 5 mm. This paper proposes and experimentally investigates a sensor based on a core diameter mismatch technique for diameter changes measurement. The sensor structure is a combination of a cylindrical piece developed using a 3D printer and a Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer. The pieces were developed to assist in monitoring the diameter variation. It is formed by splicing an uncoated short section of MMF (Multimode Fiber) between two standard SMFs (Singlemode Fibers) called SMF-MMF-SMF (SMS), where the MMF length is 15 mm. The work is divided into two main parts. Firstly, the sensor was fixed at two points on the first developed piece, and the diameter reduction caused dips or peaks shift of the transmittance spectrum due to curvature and strain influence. The fixation point (FP) distances used are: 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm. Finally, the setup with the best sensitivity was chosen, from first results, to develop another test with an optimization. This optimization is performed in the printed piece where two supports are created so that only the strain influences the sensor. The results showed good sensitivity, reasonable dynamic range, and easy setup reproduction. Therefore, the sensor could be used for diameter variation measurement for proposed applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"4560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Simple Optical Sensor Based on Multimodal Interference Superimposed on Additive Manufacturing for Diameter Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor H. R.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8066-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Thereza R.","family":"Giraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photonics, Military Institute of Engineering, Pra\u00e7a Gen. Tib\u00farcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Cindy Stella","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Federal University of South and Southeast of Par\u00e1, Marab\u00e1 68507-590, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4482-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o C. W. Albuquerque","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2013.10.013","article-title":"Fatigue crack growth modeling of pipeline steels in high pressure gaseous hydrogen","volume":"62","author":"Amaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. 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