{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:49:19Z","timestamp":1760230159799,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014PT2020","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>LoRa is one of the most prominent LPWAN technologies due to its suitable characteristics for supporting large-scale IoT networks, as it offers long-range communications at low power consumption. The latter is granted mainly because end-nodes transmit directly to the gateways and no energy is spent in multi-hop transmissions. LoRaWAN gateways can successfully receive simultaneous transmissions on multiple channels. However, such gateways can be costly when compared to simpler single-channel LoRa transceivers, and at the same time they are configured to operate with pure-ALOHA, the well-known and fragile channel access scheme used in LoRaWAN. This work presents a fair, control-based channel hopping-based medium access scheme for LoRa networks with multiple single-channel gateways. Compared with the pure-ALOHA used in LoRaWAN, the protocol proposed here achieves higher goodput and fairness levels because each device can choose its most appropriate channel to transmit at a higher rate and spending less energy. Several simulation results considering different network densities and different numbers of single-channel LoRa gateways show that our proposal is able to achieve a packet delivery ratio (PDR) of around 18% for a network size of 2000 end-nodes and one gateway, and a PDR of almost 50% when four LoRa gateways are considered, compared to 2% and 6%, respectively, achieved by the pure-ALOHA approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:57:11Z","timestamp":1657850231000},"page":"5260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Fair Channel Hopping Scheme for LoRa Networks with Multiple Single-Channel Gateways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9582-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3488-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9745-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Z\u00faquete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Eletr\u00f3nica, Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es e Inform\u00e1tica (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barillaro, S., Rhee, S., Escudero, G., Kacker, R., Badger, L., and Kuhn, D.R. 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