{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T20:50:30Z","timestamp":1764363030197,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/140273\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/140273\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancua e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/140273\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/140273\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus (ANT-DBS) is an effective therapy in epilepsy. Poorer surgical outcomes are related to deviations of the lead from the ANT-target. The target identification relies on the visualization of anatomical structures by medical imaging, which presents some disadvantages. This study aims to research whether ANT-LFPs recorded with the PerceptTM PC neurostimulator can be an asset in the identification of the DBS-target. For this purpose, 17 features were extracted from LFPs recorded from a single patient, who stayed at an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit for a 5-day period. Features were then integrated into two machine learning (ML)-based methodologies, according to different LFP bipolar montages: Pass1 (nonadjacent channels) and Pass2 (adjacent channels). We obtained an accuracy of 76.6% for the Pass1-classifier and 83.33% for the Pass2-classifier in distinguishing locations completely inserted in the target and completely outside. Then, both classifiers were used to predict the target percentage of all combinations, and we found that contacts 3 (left hemisphere) and 2 and 3 (right hemisphere) presented higher signatures of the ANT-target, which agreed with the medical images. This result opens a new window of opportunity for the use of LFPs in the guidance of DBS target identification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:19:01Z","timestamp":1662077941000},"page":"6601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Estimation of ANT-DBS Electrodes on Target Positioning Based on a New PerceptTM PC LFP Signal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5563-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elodie M\u00farias","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Unit, Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Chamadoira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8119-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Silva","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002033420503","article-title":"Early identification of refractory epilepsy","volume":"342","author":"Kwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. 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