{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:14:27Z","timestamp":1760231667895,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project Ferrovia 4.0","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-046111","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","UIDB\/00408\/2020","UIDP\/00408\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-046111","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","UIDB\/00408\/2020","UIDP\/00408\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-046111","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","UIDB\/00408\/2020","UIDP\/00408\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-046111","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046111","UIDB\/00408\/2020","UIDP\/00408\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart cities are, nowadays, an unavoidable and growing reality, supported on software platforms that support city management, through the processing and presentation of a large number of data, obtained from sensors used throughout the cities. Low-power wide area networks (LPWAN) leverage the sensorization process; however, urban landscape, in turn, induces a high probability of change in the propagation conditions of the LPWAN network, thus requiring active monitoring solutions for assessing the city LPWAN network condition. Currently existing solutions usually consider the existence of only one type of LPWAN network to be monitored. In this paper, an architecture for aggregation of metrics from heterogeneous LPWAN networks is presented. The architecture, named IoTMapper, combines purpose build components with existing components from the FIWARE and Apache Kafka ecosystems. Implementation details for the LPWAN networks are abstracted by adapters so that new networks may be easily added. The validation was carried out using real data collected for long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) in Lisbon, and a simulated data set extrapolated from the collected data. The results indicate that the presented architecture is a viable solution for metrics aggregation that may be expanded to support multiple networks. However, some of the considered FIWARE components present performance bottlenecks that may hinder the scaling of the architecture while processing new message arrivals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"7484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IoTMapper: A Metrics Aggregation System Architecture in Support of Smart City Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1533-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa\u2014ISEL, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-8670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa\u2014ISEL, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"LASIGE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, May 18). 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