{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T01:05:05Z","timestamp":1771463105193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq"},{"name":"CAPES"},{"name":"UFPA"},{"name":"IME"},{"name":"INESC TEC"},{"name":"University of Porto"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An optical strain gauge based on a balloon-like interferometer structure formed by a bent standard single-mode fiber combined with a 3D printer piece has been presented and demonstrated, which can be used to measure displacement. The interferometer has a simple and compact size, easy fabrication, low cost, and is repeatable. The sensor is based on the interference between the core and cladding modes. This is caused by the fiber\u2019s curvature because when light propagates through the curved balloon-shaped interferometer region, a portion of it will be released from the core limitation and coupled to the cladding. The balloon has an axial displacement as a result of how the artwork was constructed. The sensor head is sandwiched between two cantilevers such that when there is a displacement, the dimension associated with the micro bend is altered. The sensor response as a function of displacement can be determined using wavelength shift or intensity change interrogation techniques. Therefore, this optical strain gauge is a good option for applications where structure displacement needs to be examined. The sensor presents a sensitivity of 55.014 nm for displacement measurements ranging from 0 to 10 mm and a strain sensitivity of 500.13 pm\/\u03bc\u03f5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"7652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optical Strain Gauge Prototype Based on a High Sensitivity Balloon-like Interferometer and Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor H. R.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8066-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Thereza R.","family":"Giraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photonics, Military Institute of Engineering, Pra\u00e7a Gen. Tib\u00farcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4482-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o C. W. Albuquerque","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2009.03.002","article-title":"Optical strain gauge vs. traditional strain gauges for concrete elasticity modulus determination","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5714","DOI":"10.1021\/nl302959a","article-title":"A Novel Class of Strain Gauges Based on Layered Percolative Films of 2D Materials","volume":"12","author":"Marek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolton, W. 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