{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:27:09Z","timestamp":1771547229914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The crop water stress index (CWSI) is a widely used analytical tool based on portable thermography. This method can be useful in replacing the traditional stem water potential method obtained with a Scholander chamber (PMS Model 600) because the latter is not feasible for large-scale studies due to the time involved and the fact that it is invasive and can cause damage to the plant. The present work had three objectives: (i) to understand if CWSI estimated using an aerial sensor can estimate the water status of the plant; (ii) to compare CWSI from aerial-thermographic and portable thermal cameras with stem water potential; (iii) to estimate the capacity of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to calculate and spatialize CWSI. Monitoring of CWSI (CWSIP) using a portable device was performed directly in the canopy, by measuring reference temperatures (Tdry, Twet, and canopy temperature (Tc)). Aerial CWSI calculation was performed using two models: (i) a simplified CWSI model (CWSIS), where the Tdry and Twet were estimated as the average of 1% of the extreme temperature, and (ii) an air temperature model (CWSITair) where air temperatures (Tair + 7 \u00b0C) were recorded as Tdry and in the Twet, considering the average of the lowest 33% of histogram values. In these two models, the Tc value corresponded to the temperature value in each pixel of the aerial thermal image. The results show that it was possible to estimate CWSI by calculating canopy temperatures and spatializing CWSI using aerial thermography. Of the two models, it was found that for CWSITair, CWSIS (R2 = 0.55) evaluated crop water stress better than stem water potential. The CWSIS had good correlation compared with the portable sensor (R2 = 0.58), and its application in field measurements is possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22208056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"8056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Using Aerial Thermal Imagery to Evaluate Water Status in Vitis vinifera cv. Loureiro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4933-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Ara\u00fajo-Paredes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMETHEUS, Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3584-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Isabel","family":"Val\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/jwe.2015.21","article-title":"The Impact of Climate Change on Viticulture and Wine Quality","volume":"11","author":"Darriet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wine Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IPCC Climate Change 2021 Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Summary for Policymakers."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jan van Oldenborgh, G., Collins, M., Arblaster, J., Hesselbjerg Christensen, J., Marotzke, J., Power, S.B., Rummukainen, M., Zhou, T., Wratt, D., and Zwiers, F. (2013). 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