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Different dry electrode technologies have been proposed and validated in comparison to conventional gel-based electrodes. Most previous studies have been performed at a single center and by single operators. We conducted a multi-center and multi-operator study validating multipin dry electrodes to study the reproducibility and generalizability of their performance in different environments and for different operators. Moreover, we aimed to study the interrelation of operator experience, preparation time, and wearing comfort on the EEG signal quality. EEG acquisitions using dry and gel-based EEG caps were carried out in 6 different countries with 115 volunteers, recording electrode-skin impedances, resting state EEG and evoked activity. The dry cap showed average channel reliability of 81% but higher average impedances than the gel-based cap. However, the dry EEG caps required 62% less preparation time. No statistical differences were observed between the gel-based and dry EEG signal characteristics in all signal metrics. We conclude that the performance of the dry multipin electrodes is highly reproducible, whereas the primary influences on channel reliability and signal quality are operator skill and experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22208079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"8079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Multi-Center Evaluation of Gel-Based and Dry Multipin EEG Caps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0532-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuen Rue","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9196-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrique","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Levin","family":"Kuhlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Building 63, 25 Exhibition Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Liley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1206-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, LAETA\/INEGI, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8706-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Tamburro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti\u2013Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8100-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Comani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti\u2013Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Troby Ka-Yan","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of L\u00fcbeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of L\u00fcbeck, Marie-Curie-Stra\u00dfe, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indhika Fauzhan","family":"Warsito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Eko","family":"Supriyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81300, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Haueisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00398","article-title":"Comparison of medical and consumer wireless EEG systems for use in clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Ratti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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