{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T09:18:46Z","timestamp":1772615926566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMINHO-VC\/BII\/2021\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMINHO-VC\/BII\/2021\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039868_BI_02_2022_CMEMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039868_BI_02_2022_CMEMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/141515\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/141515\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.03393.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.03393.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Support to R&amp;D Units Grant","award":["UMINHO-VC\/BII\/2021\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMINHO-VC\/BII\/2021\/02"]}]},{"name":"National Support to R&amp;D Units Grant","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039868_BI_02_2022_CMEMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039868_BI_02_2022_CMEMS"]}]},{"name":"National Support to R&amp;D Units Grant","award":["PD\/BD\/141515\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/141515\/2018"]}]},{"name":"National Support to R&amp;D Units Grant","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Support to R&amp;D Units Grant","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Support to R&amp;D Units Grant","award":["2020.03393.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.03393.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment","award":["UMINHO-VC\/BII\/2021\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMINHO-VC\/BII\/2021\/02"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039868_BI_02_2022_CMEMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039868_BI_02_2022_CMEMS"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment","award":["PD\/BD\/141515\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/141515\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment","award":["2020.03393.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.03393.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans\u2019 balance recovery responses to gait perturbations are negatively impacted with ageing. Slip and trip events, the main causes preceding falls during walking, are likely to produce severe injuries in older adults. While traditional exercise-based interventions produce inconsistent results in reducing patients\u2019 fall rates, perturbation-based balance training (PBT) emerges as a promising task-specific solution towards fall prevention. PBT improves patients\u2019 reactive stability and fall-resisting skills through the delivery of unexpected balance perturbations. The adopted perturbation conditions play an important role towards PBT\u2019s effectiveness and the acquisition of meaningful sensor data for studying human biomechanical reactions to loss of balance (LOB) events. Hence, this narrative review aims to survey the different methods employed in the scientific literature to provoke artificial slips and trips in healthy adults during treadmill and overground walking. For each type of perturbation, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to identify trends regarding the most adopted perturbation methods, gait phase perturbed, gait speed, perturbed leg, and sensor systems used for data collection. The reliable application of artificial perturbations to mimic real-life LOB events may reduce the gap between laboratory and real-life falls and potentially lead to fall-rate reduction among the elderly community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"9254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Provoking Artificial Slips and Trips towards Perturbation-Based Balance Training: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael N.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4177-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Ferrete","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"MIT Portugal Program, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9547-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0023-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). Falls, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/falls."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afh106","article-title":"Fear-related avoidance of activities, falls and physical frailty. A prospective community-based cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Delbaere","year":"2004","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-017-0173-7","article-title":"A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping responses and falls risk among healthy older adults","volume":"14","author":"McCrum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.03.021","article-title":"Circumstances leading to injurious falls in older men and women in the Netherlands","volume":"45","author":"Hartholt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.4.261","article-title":"Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults","volume":"26","author":"Berg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansfield, A., Peters, A., Liu, B., and Maki, B. (2007). A perturbation-based balance training program for older adults: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-7-12"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2165\/11539920-000000000-00000","article-title":"Comparison of traditional and recent approaches in the promotion of balance and strength in older adults","volume":"41","author":"Granacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sport. Med. (Auckl. N. Z.)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13082","article-title":"Perturbation-based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: Current evidence and implications for clinical practice","volume":"17","author":"Gerards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.12.017","article-title":"Can treadmill-slip perturbation training reduce immediate risk of over-ground-slip induced fall among community-dwelling older adults?","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.08.029","article-title":"Treadmill-based gait-slip training with reduced training volume could still prevent slip-related falls","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"GAIT Posture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00270-5","article-title":"The retention of fall-resisting behavior derived from treadmill slip-perturbation training in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9963-0","article-title":"Retention of the \u201cfirst-trialeffect\u201d in gait-slip among community-living older adults","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"469","article-title":"Transfer of reactive balance adaptation from stance-slip perturbation to stance-trip perturbation in chronic stroke survivors","volume":"37","author":"Dusane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000517","article-title":"Repeat Exposure to Leg Swing Perturbations During Treadmill Training Induces Long-Term Retention of Increased Step Length in Human SCI: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"413","article-title":"Perturbation Treadmill Training Improves Clinical Characteristics of Gait and Balance in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Steib","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00203","article-title":"Increased Adaptation Rates and Reduction in Trial-by-Trial Variability in Subjects with Cerebral Palsy Following a Multi-session Locomotor Adaptation Training","volume":"10","author":"Mawase","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, J., Engel, T., Mueller, S., Stoll, J., Baur, H., and Mayer, F. (2017). Effects of sudden walking perturbations on neuromuscular reflex activity and three-dimensional motion of the trunk in healthy controls and back pain symptomatic subjects. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174034"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.01.018","article-title":"Falls resulting from a laboratory-induced slip occur at a higher rate among individuals who are obese","volume":"49","author":"Allin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138508963219","article-title":"Falls in the healthy elderly: Predisposing causes","volume":"28","author":"Gabell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382165-2.00151-3","article-title":"Biomechanics of Human Gait\u2013Slip and Fall Analysis","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Lockhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66305-1","article-title":"Anticipatory control of human gait following simulated slip exposure","volume":"10","author":"Swart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00286.2018","article-title":"Neuromuscular determinants of slip-induced falls and recoveries in older adults","volume":"120","author":"Sawers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000210","article-title":"Improving Trip- and Slip-Resisting Skills in Older People: Perturbation Dose Matters","volume":"48","author":"Karamanidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"861","article-title":"State of science: Occupational slips, trips and falls on the same level","volume":"59","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110085538","article-title":"Occupational slip, trip, and fall-related injuries\u2013can the contribution of slipperiness be isolated?","volume":"44","author":"Courtney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mccrum, C., Bhatt, T.S., Gerards, M.H.G., Karamanidis, K., Rogers, M.W., Lord, S.R., and Okubo, Y. (2022). Perturbation-Based Balance Training: Principles, Mechanisms and Implementation in Clinical Practice. Front. Sports Act. Living, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.1015394"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227520","article-title":"Strategies for recovery from a trip in early and late swing during human walking","volume":"102","author":"Eng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.009","article-title":"Trip recovery strategies following perturbations of variable duration","volume":"47","author":"Shirota","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00844.2016","article-title":"Aging does not affect the intralimb coordination elicited by slip-like perturbation of different intensities","volume":"118","author":"Aprigliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.01.037","article-title":"Can higher training practice dosage with treadmill slip-perturbation necessarily reduce risk of falls following overground slip?","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2019-0211","article-title":"Can Treadmill Slip-Perturbation Training Reduce Longer-Term Fall Risk Upon Overground Slip Exposure?","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01181","article-title":"Examining Neural Plasticity for Slip-Perturbation Training: An fMRI Study","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.11.021","article-title":"Generalization of treadmill perturbation to overground slip during gait: Effect of different perturbation distances on slip recovery","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.06.004","article-title":"Intensity and generalization of treadmill slip training: High or low, progressive increase or decrease?","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.12.009","article-title":"Muscle weakness is related to slip-initiated falls among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"49","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00203","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms Involved in Mental Imagery of Slip-Perturbation While Walking: A Preliminary fMRI Study","volume":"12","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00082","article-title":"Recovery From a Forward Falling Slip: Measurement of Dynamic Stability and Strength Requirements Using a Split-Belt Instrumented Treadmill","volume":"2","author":"Debelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Sport. Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-020-00527-6","article-title":"Relationship Between the Walking Velocity Relative to the Slip Velocity and the Corrective Response","volume":"41","author":"Hirata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.02.002","article-title":"Stability against backward balance loss: Age-related modifications following slip-like perturbations of multiple amplitudes","volume":"53","author":"Martelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05582-3","article-title":"Treadmill-gait slip training in community-dwelling older adults: Mechanisms of immediate adaptation for a progressive ascending-mixed-intensity protocol","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2921710","article-title":"The Body\u2019s Compensatory Responses to Unpredictable Trip and Slip Perturbations Induced by a Programmable Split-Belt Treadmill","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.07.005","article-title":"Neuromuscular response of the trunk to sudden gait disturbances: Forward vs. backward perturbation","volume":"30","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1834-4","article-title":"Can Recovery Foot Placement Affect Older Adults\u2019 Slip-Fall Severity?","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02482-4","article-title":"Is There an Optimal Recovery Step Landing Zone Against Slip-Induced Backward Falls During Walking?","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00699.2016","article-title":"Neuromuscular responses differ between slip-induced falls and recoveries in older adults","volume":"117","author":"Sawers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2018.1474336","article-title":"Repeated Exposure to Forward Support-Surface Perturbation During Overground Walking Alters Upper-Body Kinematics and Step Parameters","volume":"51","author":"Inkol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.06.004","article-title":"The recovery response to a novel unannounced laboratory-induced slip: The \u201cfirst trial effect\u201d in older adults","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02327-9","article-title":"The Role of Recovery Lower Limb Segments in Post-Slip Determination of Falls Due to Instability or Limb Collapse","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2019-0285","article-title":"Which Are the Key Kinematic and Kinetic Components to Distinguish Recovery Strategies for Overground Slips Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults?","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1489","article-title":"Effect of Reactive Balance Training Involving Repeated Slips and Trips on Balance Recovery Among Older Adults: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"74","author":"Okubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser.-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okubo, Y., Brodie, M.A., Sturnieks, D.L., Hicks, C., Carter, H., Toson, B., and Lord, S.R. (2018). Exposure to trips and slips with increasing unpredictability while walking can improve balance recovery responses with minimum predictive gait alterations. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/333989"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.05.016","article-title":"A pilot study of reactive balance training using trips and slips with increasing unpredictability in young and older adults: Biomechanical mechanisms, falls and clinical feasibility","volume":"67","author":"Okubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol Avon)"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.04.011","article-title":"Arm reactions in response to an unexpected slip\u2014Impact of aging","volume":"58","author":"Merrill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00536","article-title":"Association between Slip Severity and Muscle Synergies of Slipping","volume":"11","author":"Nazifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2017.1398922","article-title":"Coefficient of friction, walking speed and cadence on slippery and dry surfaces: Shoes with different groove depths","volume":"25","author":"Ziaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. JOSE"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014784","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1014784","article-title":"Dual-Task Does Not Increase Slip and Fall Risk in Healthy Young and Older Adults during Walking","volume":"2017","author":"Soangra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.02.007","article-title":"Effects of slip severity on muscle activation of the trailing leg during an unexpected slip","volume":"28","author":"Chambers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Electrophysiol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2017.1413212","article-title":"Feet kinematics upon slipping discriminate between recoveries and three types of slip-induced falls","volume":"61","author":"Allin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"345","article-title":"Lower extremity kinematics during forward heel-slip","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care Off. J. Eur. Soc. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arena, S.L., Davis, J.L., Grant, J.W., and Madigan, M.L. (2016). Tripping Elicits Earlier and Larger Deviations in Linear Head Acceleration Compared to Slipping. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165670"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0602-0","article-title":"A novel wearable device to deliver unconstrained, unpredictable slip perturbations during gait","volume":"16","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00785-0","article-title":"Fall inducing movable platform (FIMP) for overground trips and slips","volume":"17","author":"Er","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.C., Martin, B.J., Thrasher, T.A., and Layne, C.S. (2017, January 11\u201315). A new fall-inducing technology platform: Development and assessment of a programmable split-belt treadmill. Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037679"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aprigliano, F., Micera, S., and Monaco, V. (2019). Pre-Impact Detection Algorithm to Identify Tripping Events Using Wearable Sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173713"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"243","article-title":"Retention of improvement in gait stability over 14 weeks due to trip-perturbation training is dependent on perturbation dose","volume":"84","author":"Epro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162321","article-title":"Exploring fall training adaptations while walking","volume":"54","author":"Silver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00263.2015","article-title":"Two-stage muscle activity responses in decisions about leg movement adjustments during trip recovery","volume":"115","author":"Potocanac","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01268-6","article-title":"Effects of task-specific obstacle-induced trip-perturbation training: Proactive and reactive adaptation to reduce fall-risk in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1732846.423","article-title":"Relationship among the variables of kinematic and tilt angle of whole body according to the foot trip during gait","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.02.024","article-title":"A new measure of trip risk integrating minimum foot clearance and dynamic stability across the swing phase of gait","volume":"55","author":"Schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00545.2017","article-title":"Effects of triceps surae muscle strength and tendon stiffness on the reactive dynamic stability and adaptability of older female adults during perturbed walking","volume":"124","author":"Epro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4038-2","article-title":"Fast online corrections of tripping responses","volume":"232","author":"Potocanac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.09.101","article-title":"Kinematic comparison of split-belt and single-belt treadmill walking and the effects of accommodation","volume":"35","author":"Altman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02195-9","article-title":"Limb Collapse or Instability? Assessment on Cause of Falls","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.09.025","article-title":"Older adults who have previously fallen due to a trip walk differently than those who have fallen due to a slip","volume":"41","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Scientific American (2022, January 27). Side-Dominant Science: Are You Left- or Right-Sided?-Scientific American. Available online: https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/bring-science-home-dominant-side."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2241434","article-title":"Angular momentum during unexpected multidirectional perturbations delivered while walking","volume":"60","author":"Martelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans.-Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.05.013","article-title":"Ageing and limb dominance effects on foot-ground clearance during treadmill and overground walking","volume":"26","author":"Nagano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of a new mechatronic platform for assessment and prevention of fall risks","volume":"9","author":"Genovese","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.02.016","article-title":"Stability-normalised walking speed: A new approach for human gait perturbation research","volume":"87","author":"McCrum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, R.N., Ribeiro, N.F., and Santos, C.P. (2022). Fall Risk Assessment Using Wearable Sensors: A Narrative Review. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030984"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00038.2013","article-title":"Absence of postural muscle synergies for balance after spinal cord transection","volume":"110","author":"Chvatal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, A., Rescio, G., Giampetruzzi, L., and Siciliano, P. (2019, January 8\u201310). Smart EMG-based Socks for Leg Muscles Contraction Assessment. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Measurements Networking (MN), Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWMN.2019.8804991"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00691.2001","article-title":"Strategies for dynamic stability during locomotion on a slippery surface: Effects of prior experience and knowledge","volume":"88","author":"Marigold","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.03.029","article-title":"How early reactions in the support limb contribute to balance recovery after tripping","volume":"38","author":"Pijnappels","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:30Z","timestamp":1760146110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s22239254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22239254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]}}}