{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:50:02Z","timestamp":1767423002409,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CONSTRUCT-Instituto de I&amp;D em Estruturas e Constru\u00e7\u00f5es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020","UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020","UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article describes the validation of a 3D dynamic interaction model of the train\u2013track\u2013bridge system on a bowstring-arch railway bridge based on experimental tests. The train, track, and bridge subsystems were modeled on the basis of large-scale and highly complex finite elements models previously calibrated on the basis of experimental modal parameters. The train\u2013bridge dynamic interaction problem, in the vertical direction, was efficiently solved using a dedicated computational application (TBI software). This software resorts to an uncoupled methodology that considers the two subsystems, bridge and train, as two independent structures and uses an iterative procedure to guarantee the compatibility of the forces and displacements at the contact points at each timestep. The bridge subsystem is solved by the mode superposition method, while the train subsystem is solved by a direct integration method. The track irregularities were included in the dynamic problem based on real measurements performed by a track inspection vehicle. A dynamic test under traffic actions allowed measuring the responses in the bridge, track, and vehicles, which were synchronized by GPS systems. The test results demonstrated the occurrence of upward displacements on the deck, which is a characteristic of structures with an arch structural behavior, as well as an alternation of tensile\/compressive stresses between the rail and deck due to the deck\u2013track composite effect. Furthermore, the acceleration response of the bridge proved to be significantly influenced by the train operating speed. The validation procedure involved comparing the dynamic responses obtained from the train\u2013bridge interaction model, including track irregularities, and the responses obtained experimentally, through the test under traffic actions. A very good correlation was obtained between numerical and experimental results in terms of accelerations, displacements, and strains. The contributions derived from the parametric excitation of the train, the global\/local dynamic behavior of the bridge, and the excitation derived from the track irregularities were decisive to accurately reproduce the complex behavior of the train\u2013track\u2013bridge system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:55:07Z","timestamp":1672109707000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Train\u2013Track\u2013Bridge Dynamic Interaction on a Bowstring-Arch Railway Bridge: Advanced Modeling and Experimental Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8624-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Cal\u00e7ada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maik","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merkle CAE Solutions GmbH, 89518 Heidenheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Volkmar","family":"Zabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Structural Mechanics, Bauhaus-University Weimar, 99423 Weimar, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2019.1605085","article-title":"Train\u2013track\u2013bridge dynamic interaction: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"57","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veh. 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