{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:30:41Z","timestamp":1773880241198,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Football performance behaviour relies on the individual and collective perceptual attunement to the opportunities for action (affordances) available in a given competitive environment. Such perception\u2013action coupling is constrained by players\u2019 spatial dominance. Aiming to understand the influence of team formation and players\u2019 roles in their dynamic interaction (interpersonal linkages), Voronoi diagrams were used to assess the differences in players\u2019 spatial dominance resulting from their interactions according to ball-possession status in high-performance football. Notational (i.e., team formation, players\u2019 role, and ball-possession status) and positional data (from optical sensors) from ten matches of the men\u2019s French main football league were analysed. Voronoi diagrams were computed from players\u2019 positional data for both teams. Probability density functions of the players\u2019 Voronoi cell areas were then computed and compared, using the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test, for the different variables (i.e., team formation, player role, and ball-possession status) and their classes. For these variables, the players\u2019 Voronoi cell areas presented statistical differences, which were sensitive to team formation classes (i.e., defenders, midfielders, and forwards) and relative pitch location (interior or exterior in the effective play space). Differences were also found between players with similar roles when in different team formations. Our results showed that team formation and players\u2019 roles constrain their interpersonal linkages, resulting in different spatial dominance patterns. Using positional data captured by optical sensors, Voronoi diagrams can be computed into compound variables, which are meaningful for understanding the match and thus offer information to the design representative training tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1672205514000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["From Optical Tracking to Tactical Performance via Voronoi Diagrams: Team Formation and Players\u2019 Roles Constrain Interpersonal Linkages in High-Level Football"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8657-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui J.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science and Technology (ISTA), Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinis","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.682578","article-title":"A review of quantitative methods for movement data","volume":"27","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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