{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:05Z","timestamp":1760147945103,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work is funded by national funds (OE), through University of Aveiro","award":["in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of article 23, of the De-cree-Law 57\/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of article 23, of the De-cree-Law 57\/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generally, there is much to praise about the rise in acknowledging the need for young citizens to exercise their rights and duties, but the belief remains that this is not yet entrenched in young citizens\u2019 overall democratic involvement. A lack of citizenship and engagement in community issues was revealed by a recent study conducted by the authors in a secondary school from the outskirts of Aveiro, Portugal, during the 2019\/2020 school year. Under the umbrella of a Design-Based Research methodological framework, citizen science strategies were implemented in the context of teaching, learning, and assessment, and at the service of the educational project of the target school, in a STEAM approach, and under Domains of Curricular Autonomy activities. The study\u2019s findings suggest that to build the bridge for participatory citizenship, teachers should engage students in collecting and analyzing data regarding communal environmental issues in a Citizen Science approach supported by the Internet of Things. The new pedagogies addressing the lack of citizenship and engagement in community issues promoted students\u2019 involvement at school and in the community, contributed to inform municipal education policies, and promoted dialogue and communication between local actors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T06:09:56Z","timestamp":1678687796000},"page":"3070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Building the Bridge to a Participatory Citizenship: Curricular Integration of Communal Environmental Issues in School Projects Supported by the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0040-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel J. S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDTFF\u2014Research Centre on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5326-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDTFF\u2014Research Centre on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio A.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDTFF\u2014Research Centre on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission, EACEA, and Eurydice (2016). Promoting Citizenship and the Common Values of Freedom, Tolerance and Non-Discrimination through Education: Overview of Education Policy Developments in Europe Following the Paris Declaration of 17 March 2015."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Portuguese Ministry of Education (2022, October 24). Citizenship Education Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/www.dge.mec.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/ECidadania\/citizenship_education_guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Portuguese Ministry of Education (2022, October 12). National Education Strategy for Citizenship. Available online: https:\/\/www.dge.mec.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/Projetos_Curriculares\/Aprendizagens_Essenciais\/estrategia_cidadania_original.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Portuguese Ministry of Education (2022, December 26). Sustainability for Environmental Education Referential. Available online: http:\/\/www.dge.mec.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/ECidadania\/ref_sustentabilidade.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"United Nations (2022, October 25). Summary Points of the Three Leadership Dialogues. Available online: https:\/\/unenvironment.widen.net\/s\/jfvbksmgqw\/s50_ld123_summary."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-020-00833-7","article-title":"Mapping citizen science contributions to the UN sustainable development goals","volume":"15","author":"Fraisl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202108","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.202108","article-title":"Contours of citizen science: A vignette study","volume":"8","author":"Haklay","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kullenberg, C., and Kasperowski, D. (2016). What is citizen science?\u2014A scientometric meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147152"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Land-Zandstra, A., Agnello, G., and Gultekin, Y.S. (2021). The Science of Citizen Science, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vohland, K., Land-Zandstra, A., Ceccaroni, L., Lemmens, R., Perell\u00f3, J., Ponti, M., Samson, R., and Wagenknecht, K. (2021). The Science of Citizen Science, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58278-4"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3390\/iot2020015","article-title":"Using Citizen Science to Complement IoT Data Collection: A Survey of Motivational and Engagement Factors in Technology-Centric Citizen Science Projects","volume":"2","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"IoT"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"De Sousa Santos, M.J., Carlos, V., and Moreira, A.A. (2021). Handbook of Research on Global Education and the Impact of Institutional Policies on Educational Technologies, IGI Global."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/09639284.2020.1737547","article-title":"The beneficial role of government accounting literacy in developing participatory citizens","volume":"29","author":"Karatzimas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Account. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716210384220","article-title":"Participatory Niches for Emergent Citizenship in Early Adolescence: An International Perspective","volume":"633","author":"Amadeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"UNESCO (2022, December 27). Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4: Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Lifelong Learning Opportunities for All. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/notice?id=p::usmarcdef_0000245656."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, C.A. (2017). Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Critical Global Citizenship Education 1, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315452579"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Middaugh, E., and UNESCO Office Beirut and Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States (2022, December 28). Promoting Global Citizenship Education in Arab Universities: Proposals for Action. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/notice?id=p::usmarcdef_0000381929."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"UNESCO (2022, December 28). Global Citizenship Education: Preparing Learners for the Challenges of the 21st Century. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/notice?id=p::usmarcdef_0000227729."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"UNESCO (2022, December 28). Global Citizenship Education: Topics and Learning Objectives. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/notice?id=p::usmarcdef_0000232993."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly (2000). United Nations Millennium Declaration, United Nations General Assembly."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2016.1166944","article-title":"Unheard voices: A critical discourse analysis of the Millennium Development Goals\u2019 evolution into the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"38","author":"Carant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Third World Q."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312041002237","article-title":"What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy","volume":"41","author":"Westheimer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"56","article-title":"A review of financial-literacy education programs for children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Amagir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Citizsh. Soc. Econ. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Commission, European Education and Culture Executive Agency, Sigalas, E., and de Coster, I. (2019). Citizenship Education at School in Europe, 2017."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.12.039","article-title":"Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its significant impact in the field of Precision Agriculture","volume":"157","author":"Khanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3031162","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Secure Routing in Internet of Things: Mitigation Methods and Trust-Based Approaches","volume":"8","author":"Muzammal","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201071","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3035849","article-title":"The use of MQTT in M2M and IoT systems: A survey","volume":"8","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12003","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/853\/1\/012003","article-title":"IoT real time data acquisition using MQTT protocol","volume":"853","author":"Atmoko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v7i3.51464","article-title":"A systematic Literature Review of Internet of Things for Higher Education: Architecture and Implementation","volume":"7","author":"Soegoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indones. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Statista (2022, December 31). Number of Internet of Things (IoT) Connected Devices Worldwide from 2019 to 2030, by Use Case. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1194701\/iot-connected-devices-use-case\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122877","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): Opportunities, issues and challenges towards a smart and sustainable future","volume":"274","author":"Patrono","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikder, A.K., Acar, A., Aksu, H., Uluagac, A., Akkaya, K., and Conti, M. (2018, January 8\u201310). IoT-enabled smart lighting systems for smart cities. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2018.8301744"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Jaafar, A.A., Sharif, K., Ghareb, M., and Jawawi, D.N.A. (2019). Advances in Computer Communication and Computational Sciences, Springer."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, E., del Pobil, A., and Kwon, S.J. (2018). The role of Internet of Things (IoT) in smart cities: Technology roadmap-oriented approaches. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10051388"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4","article-title":"Smart Monitoring of Nutrient Content, pH Condition and Temperature in Vegetable Leaf Grown through Deep Flow Technique","volume":"9","author":"Rafdhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Moroc. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, M.S., Riaz, S., Abid, A., Umer, T., and Zikria, Y. (2020). Role of IoT technology in agriculture: A systematic literature review. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9020319"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseinzadeh, M., Tanveer, J., Masoud Rahmani, A., Yousefpoor, E., Sadegh Yousefpoor, M., Khan, F., and Haider, A. (2023). A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11010080"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.56532\/mjsat.v1i3.17","article-title":"Trends and Challenges of Internet-of-Things in the Educational Domain","volume":"1","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malays. J. Sci. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"103","article-title":"A Survey on IoT in Education","volume":"10","author":"Suduc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Rom. Pentru Educ. Multidimens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2022.08.057","article-title":"The Role of Internet of Things in Smart Education","volume":"55","author":"Terzieva","year":"2022","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanien, A.E., Bhatnagar, R., Khalifa, N., and Taha, M.H.N. (2020). A Survey of Internet of Things (IoT) in Education: Opportunities and Challenges BT\u2014Toward Social Internet of Things (SIoT): Enabling Technologies, Architectures and Applications: Emerging Technologies for Connected and Smart Social Objects, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24513-9"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"273","article-title":"IOT connected with e-learning","volume":"2","author":"Soni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"263","article-title":"The citizen in the smart city. How the smart city could transform citizenship","volume":"59","author":"Dignum","year":"2017","journal-title":"It-Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"50","article-title":"The Hackable City: Citymaking in a Platform Society","volume":"87","author":"Lange","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archit. Des."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hambleton, R. (2015). Leading the Inclusive City: Place-Based Innovation for a Bounded Planet, Policy Press.","DOI":"10.1332\/policypress\/9781447304975.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10200","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2987070","article-title":"Edge-Computing-Enabled Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.10.031","article-title":"Citizen-centric data services for smarter cities","volume":"76","author":"Aguilera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-De-Ipi\u00f1a, D., Badiola, J., Silva, D.A., Casado-Mansilla, D., Not, E., Leonardi, C., Ortiz-de-Guinea, A., and Porto, I. (2022, January 5\u20138). A Collaborative Environment to Boost Co-Production of Sustainable Public Services. Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech), Bol, Croatia.","DOI":"10.23919\/SpliTech55088.2022.9854297"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/01944366908977225","article-title":"A ladder of citizen participation","volume":"35","author":"Arnstein","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Plann."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-018-9845-8","article-title":"Being a \u2018citizen\u2019in the smart city: Up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland","volume":"84","author":"Cardullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/17535069.2017.1293150","article-title":"The smart city and its publics: Insights from across six UK cities","volume":"11","author":"Cowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrellis, N., Birbas, M., and Gioulekas, F. (2019). On the design of low-cost IoT sensor node for e-health environments. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020178"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.06.063","article-title":"Opportunistic mobile air pollution monitoring: A case study with city wardens in Antwerp","volume":"141","author":"Theunis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2014.08.002","article-title":"Mobile technologies and services for environmental monitoring: The Citi-Sense-MOB approach","volume":"14","author":"Castell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.019","article-title":"The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayana, M.V., Jalihal, D., and Nagendra, S.M.S. (2022). Establishing A Sustainable Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Setup: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010394"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobur, M., Korpyljov, D., Jaworski, N., Iwaniec, M., and Marikutsa, U. (2020, January 22\u201326). Arduino Based Ambient Air Pollution Sensing System. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE XVIth International Conference on the Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design (MEMSTECH), Lviv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMSTECH49584.2020.9109460"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faiazuddin, S., Lakshmaiah, M., Alam, K., and Ravikiran, M. (2020, January 5\u20137). IoT based Indoor Air Quality Monitoring system using Raspberry Pi4. Proceedings of the 2020 4th International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECA49313.2020.9297442"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widhowati, A.A., Wardoyo, A.P., Dharmawan, H., Nurhuda, M., and Budianto, A. (2021, January 29\u201330). Development of a Portable Volatile Organic Compounds Concentration Measurement System Using a CCS811 Air Quality Sensor. Proceedings of the 2021 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISESD53023.2021.9501642"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"5950","article-title":"A survey paper on vehicles emitting air quality and prevention of air pollution by using IoT along with machine learning approaches","volume":"12","author":"Dhanalakshmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Comput. Math. Educ. (TURCOMAT)"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siagian, P., and Fernando, E. (2021, January 23\u201325). Smartphone Application As An Air Quality Monitor Using Raspberry Pi For Reducing Air Pollution. Proceedings of the 2021 2nd International Conference on Innovative and Creative Information Technology (ICITech), Virtual.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITech50181.2021.9590187"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0011.2000071","article-title":"Inferring Latent Patterns in Air Quality from Urban Big Data","volume":"4","author":"De","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things Mag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2019.102133","article-title":"Particulate matter pollution in an informal settlement in Nairobi: Using citizen science to make the invisible visible","volume":"114","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.329","article-title":"Formal and informal environmental sensing data and integration potential: Perceptions of citizens and experts","volume":"619\u2013620","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101831","article-title":"Development of a framework for indoor air quality assessments in energy conservation districts","volume":"52","author":"Rickenbacker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.024","article-title":"Use of a handheld low-cost sensor to explore the effect of urban design features on local-scale spatial and temporal air quality variability","volume":"619\u2013620","author":"Miskell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117428","article-title":"Hierarchical network design for nitrogen dioxide measurement in urban environments","volume":"228","author":"Weissert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.275","article-title":"Understanding social and behavioral drivers and impacts of air quality sensor use","volume":"621","author":"Hubbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-8153-1","article-title":"Can portable air quality monitors protect children from air pollution on the school run? An exploratory study","volume":"192","author":"Heydon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2023, January 04). European Environment Agency. Air Quality in Europe 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/air-quality-in-europe-2022\/air-quality-in-europe-2022."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, January 06). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide. Geneva PP\u2014Geneva: World Health Organization, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/345329."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"European Commission (2023, January 06). Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All EU Action Plan: \u2018Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil\u2019, Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/pdf\/zero-pollution-action-plan\/communication_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, January 06). Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region, Available online: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0008\/383921\/noise-guidelines-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Ka\u017amierczak, J., Rozalowska, B., Bartnicka, J., Stecu\u0142a, K., Paszkowski, W., Kuboszek, A., and Boczkowski, A. (2021). Sounds of Smart City: A subjective review of acoustical problems appearing in creating intelligent urban areas. [Preprint]."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, D.P. (2021). Solving New Noise Problems in Smart Cities, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Qi, H., Liu, S., Nian, V., and Zhang, Z. (2022). Study of Noise and Vibration Impacts to Buildings Due to Urban Rail Transit and Mitigation Measures. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14053119"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.039","article-title":"Assessing subway network ground borne noise and vibration using transfer function from tunnel wall to soil surface measured by muck train operation","volume":"650","author":"Mouzakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llorca-Bof\u00ed, J., Dreier, C., Heck, J., and Vorl\u00e4nder, M. (2022). Urban Sound Auralization and Visualization Framework\u2014Case Study at IHTApark. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042026"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687237","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2021.687237","article-title":"Multi-Detailed 3D Architectural Framework for Sound Perception Research in Virtual Reality","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masullo, M., Maffei, L., Pascale, A., Senese, V., de Stefano, S., and Chau, C.K. (2021). Effects of evocative audio-visual installations on the restorativeness in urban parks. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13158328"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orga, F., Mitchell, A., Freixes, M., Aletta, F., Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R., and Foraster, M. (2021). Multilevel annoyance modelling of short environmental sound recordings. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115779"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., and van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050, World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1329-0"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jum.2021.05.002","article-title":"Pathways to sustainable waste management in Indian Smart Cities","volume":"10","author":"Cheela","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urban. Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nirde, K., Mulay, P., and Chaskar, U.M. (2017, January 15\u201316). IoT based solid waste management system for smart city. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2017.8250546"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04637-w","article-title":"IoT-based smart waste bin monitoring and municipal solid waste management system for smart cities","volume":"45","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131520","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3113380","article-title":"Blockchain for waste management in smart cities: A survey","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aazam, M., St-Hilaire, M., Lung, C.-H., and Lambadaris, I. (2016, January 23\u201325). Cloud-based smart waste management for smart cities. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 21st International Workshop on Computer Aided Modelling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2016.7790356"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4030053","article-title":"IoT-Enabled solid waste management in smart cities","volume":"4","author":"Vishnu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharmin, S., and Al-Amin, S.T. (2016, January 18\u201320). A cloud-based dynamic waste management system for smart cities. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Symposium on Computing for Development, Nairobi, Kenya.","DOI":"10.1145\/3001913.3006629"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2017.2691049","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of waste management in IoT-enabled smart cities: A survey","volume":"2","author":"Anagnostopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122047","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT) adoption barriers of smart cities\u2019 waste management: An Indian context","volume":"270","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Medvedev, A., Fedchenkov, P., Zaslavsky, A., Anagnostopoulos, T., and Khoruzhnikov, S. (2015). Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Networks and Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mingaleva, Z., Vukovic, N., Volkova, I., and Salimova, T. (2019). Waste management in green and smart cities: A case study of Russia. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010094"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-020-03126-x","article-title":"Internet of things-based urban waste management system for smart cities using a Cuckoo Search Algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clust. Comput"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2023, January 09). LUSA Ag\u00eancia de Not\u00edcias de Portugal Mais de 21 mil Toneladas de Lixo na Grande Lisboa Entre Natal e Ano Novo. Available online: https:\/\/www.lusa.pt\/article\/40095407\/mais-de-21-mil-toneladas-de-lixo-na-grande-lisboa-entre-natal-e-ano-novo."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01577-8","article-title":"Enhancing street-level interactions in smart cities through interactive and modular furniture","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Hum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Agrupamento de Escolas de Gafanha de Nazar\u00e9 (2022, December 23). Educative Project. Available online: https:\/\/egn.pt\/wp\/Documentos\/Estruturantes\/PE.pdf."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M., and Carlos, V. (2020, January 24\u201327). Smart School Lab and Participatory Citizenship: The potential of the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2020 15th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Sevilla, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/CISTI49556.2020.9140860"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, D., and Das, S. (2004). Smart Environments, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/047168659X"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Stefania, B.O., Augusto, C.H., Panagiotis, K.A., Valentina, D.A., Patricia, W.A., Katja, E.N., Jeffrey, E.A., Anna, H.M., Egl\u0117, J.A., and Chiara, M.A. (2022). Reviewing Computational Thinking in Compulsory Education, Publications Office of the European Union. Online."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2023, January 03). European Commission Digital Education Action Plan (2021\u20132027). Available online: https:\/\/education.ec.europa.eu\/kk\/focus-topics\/digital-education\/action-plan?."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Cedefop (2021). Vocational Education and Training in Portugal: Short Description, Publications Office."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"European Commission (2023, January 12). Recommendations for Action in Food Waste Prevention, Available online: https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2021-05\/fs_eu-actions_action_platform_key-rcmnd_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00568-7","article-title":"Mobilising evidence, data, and resources to achieve global maternal and child undernutrition targets and the Sustainable Development Goals: An agenda for action","volume":"397","author":"Heidkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0253-3","article-title":"Impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global human nutrition","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macassa, G., Ribeiro, A.I., Marttila, A., St\u00e5l, F., Silva, J.P., Rydback, M., Rashid, M., and Barros, H. (2022). Public Health Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation in Three Cities: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610292"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral dos Estabelecimentos Escolares, and Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (2023, January 02). Orienta\u00e7\u00f5es Para a Abertura do Ano Letivo 2020\/2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.dgs.pt\/normas-orientacoes-e-informacoes\/orientacoes-e-circulares-informativas\/orientacao-conjunta-dgestedgedgs-pdf.aspx."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012027","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1038\/1\/012027","article-title":"Assessment of potential for adoption of wireless sensor network technology for irrigation water management of high value crops in the Philippines","volume":"1038","author":"Panaligan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e da Ci\u00eancia (2023, January 16). Decree-Law 55-2018 of July 6. Available online: https:\/\/data.dre.pt\/eli\/dec-lei\/55\/2018\/07\/06\/p\/dre\/pt\/html."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e da Ci\u00eancia (2023, January 16). Decree-Law 54-2018 of July 6. Available online: https:\/\/dre.pt\/dre\/detalhe\/decreto-lei\/54-2018-115652961."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e da Ci\u00eancia (2023, January 16). Students\u2019 Profile at the End of Compulsory Education. Available online: https:\/\/dge.mec.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/Curriculo\/Projeto_Autonomia_e_Flexibilidade\/perfil_dos_alunos.pdf."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"159","article-title":"A survey on role of internet of things in education","volume":"17","author":"Gul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12383","article-title":"A systematic literature review on Internet of things in education: Benefits and challenges","volume":"36","author":"Kassab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benhamida, F.Z., Navarro, J., G\u00f3mez-Carmona, O., Casado-Mansilla, D., L\u00f3pez-de-Ipi\u00f1a, D., and Zaballos, A. (2021). PyFF: A Fog-Based Flexible Architecture for Enabling Privacy-by-Design IoT-Based Communal Smart Environments. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113640"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3070\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:53:40Z","timestamp":1760122420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23063070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23063070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]}}}