{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T23:03:22Z","timestamp":1774393402013,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through Portuguese FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["NATURIST 2022.07089.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NATURIST 2022.07089.PTDC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in anthropogenic pollution raises serious concerns regarding contamination of water bodies and aquatic species with potential implications on human health. Pharmaceutical compounds are a type of contaminants of emerging concern that are increasingly consumed and, thus, being frequently found in the aquatic environment. In this sense, an electrochemical sensor based on an unmodified and untreated carbon fiber paper (CPS\u2014carbon paper sensor) was simply employed for the analysis of trimethoprim antibiotic in fish samples. First, the analytical conditions were thoroughly optimized in order for the CPS to achieve maximum performance in trimethoprim determination. Therefore, an electrolyte (0.1 M Britton\u2013Robinson buffer) pH of 7 was selected and for square wave voltammetry parameters, optimum values of amplitude, frequency and step potential corresponded to 0.02 V, 50 Hz, and 0.015 V, respectively, whereas the deposition of analyte occurred at +0.7 V for 60 s. In these optimum conditions, the obtained liner range (0.05 to 2 \u00b5M), sensitivity (48.8 \u00b5A \u00b5M\u22121 cm\u22122), and LOD (0.065 \u00b5M) competes favorably with the commonly used GCE-based sensors or BDD electrodes that employ nanostructuration or are more expensive. The CPS was then applied for trimethoprim determination in fish samples after employing a solid phase extraction procedure based on QuEChERS salts, resulting in recoveries of 105.9 \u00b1 1.8% by the standard addition method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T01:33:00Z","timestamp":1680053580000},"page":"3560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Carbon Fiber Paper Sensor for Determination of Trimethoprim Antibiotic in Fish Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Torrinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0387-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vit\u00f3ria","family":"Dibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022, FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Summary of Results;."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) (2017). Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2016.12.004","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment","volume":"3","author":"Ebele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.012","article-title":"A review of the pharmaceutical exposome in aquatic fauna","volume":"239","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.102","article-title":"Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water and water\/sewage treatment plants: A review","volume":"596\u2013597","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.08.029","article-title":"Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater in Spain: A review of sources, recent occurrence and fate in a European context","volume":"440","author":"Jurado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.072","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals in freshwater aquatic environments: A comparison of the African and European challenge","volume":"654","author":"Fekadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114220","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals in water as emerging pollutants for river health: A critical review under Indian conditions","volume":"247","author":"Ranjan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107047","article-title":"Environmental contamination in a high-income country (France) by antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes: Status and possible causes","volume":"159","author":"Haenni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142865","article-title":"Antibiotics in surface water of East and Southeast Asian countries: A focused review on contamination status, pollution sources, potential risks, and future perspectives","volume":"764","author":"Anh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121682","article-title":"A critical review on antibiotics and hormones in swine wastewater: Water pollution problems and control approaches","volume":"387","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140997","article-title":"Occurrence and fate of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in municipal wastewater treatment plant: An overview","volume":"744","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kane, S.P. (2022, January 03). The Top 300 of 2020, ClinCalc DrugStats Database, Version 2022.08. Available online: https:\/\/clincalc.com\/DrugStats\/Top300Drugs.aspx."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). Commission implementing decision (EU) 2020\/1161MMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2020\/1161 of 4 August 2020 establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008\/105\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Off. J. Eur. Union, L257, 32\u201335."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamarchi, F., Silva, T.R., Winiarski, J.P., Santana, E.R., and Vieira, I.C. (2022). Polyethylenimine-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Caffeic Acid in Aromatic Herbs. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10090357"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123836","article-title":"Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dot-modified electrode for monitoring of multivitamins in energy drinks","volume":"252","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, B., Yang, S., Yang, Y., and Hua, T. (2023). Highly conductive fiber with design of dual conductive Ag\/CB layers for ultrasensitive and wide-range strain sensing. SmartMat, e1178.","DOI":"10.1002\/smm2.1178"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2020.10.025","article-title":"Recent advances in electrochemical sensors for antibiotics and their applications","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhang, X., and Guo, J. (2022). Functionalized Carbon-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Food and Alcoholic Beverage Safety. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12189082"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2021.116324","article-title":"Electrochemical (bio)sensors based on carbon cloth and carbon paper: An overview","volume":"142","author":"Torrinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.161","article-title":"Electroanalysis of trimethoprim on metalloporphyrin incorporated glassy carbon electrode","volume":"2","author":"Rajith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.08.035","article-title":"MIP-graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of trimethoprim","volume":"52","author":"Pacheco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201600669","article-title":"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle-Graphene Composites for Electroanalysis Applications using Chemical and Electrochemical Methods","volume":"29","author":"Golinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ00129D","article-title":"Simultaneous oxidative determination of antibacterial drugs in aqueous solutions using an electrode modified with MWCNTs decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles","volume":"42","author":"Bhengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.09.226","article-title":"Carbon black nanospheres modified with Cu (II)-phthalocyanine for electrochemical determination of Trimethoprim antibiotic","volume":"470","author":"Guaraldo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.20964\/2020.02.35","article-title":"Detection of Hydrochlorothiazide, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim at Metal Oxide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes","volume":"15","author":"Khanfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105440","article-title":"A new electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics based on graphene and ZnO nanorods modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"159","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.09.035","article-title":"A multidimensional high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with amperometric detection using a boron-doped diamond electrode for the simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in bovine milk","volume":"654","author":"Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200804551","article-title":"Simultaneous Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode","volume":"21","author":"Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.01.034","article-title":"A simple and fast batch injection analysis method for simultaneous determination of phenazopyridine, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim on boron-doped diamond electrode","volume":"766","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.114985","article-title":"Paper-based electrochemical sensors with reduced graphene nanoribbons for simultaneous detection of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in water samples","volume":"882","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.11.151","article-title":"A disposable electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics in urine based on multiwalled nanotubes decorated with Prussian blue nanocubes modified screen-printed electrode","volume":"191","author":"Sgobbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"619","article-title":"Voltammetric detection of trimethoprim at CTAB modified carbon paste electrode","volume":"5","author":"Kumari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Sci. Trans"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.08.047","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes modified with antimony nanoparticles in a paraffin composite electrode: Simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim","volume":"188","author":"Cesarino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.01.005","article-title":"Adsorptive stripping voltammetry of trimethoprim: Mechanistic studies and application to the fast determination in pharmaceutical suspensions","volume":"38","author":"Cabral","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2010.10.006","article-title":"Trimethoprim-selective electrodes with molecularly imprinted polymers acting as ionophores and potentiometric transduction on graphite solid-contact","volume":"98","author":"Rebelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123457","article-title":"The simpler the better: Highly sensitive 17\u03b1-ethinylestradiol sensor based on an unmodified carbon paper transducer","volume":"245","author":"Torrinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140020707","article-title":"Mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of trimethoprim at pyrolytic graphite electrode","volume":"2","author":"Goyal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Gosser, D.K. (1993). Cyclic Voltammetry: Simulation and Analysis of Reaction Mechanisms, VCH."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(79)80075-3","article-title":"General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless electrochemical systems","volume":"101","author":"Laviron","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, V.B., Ilager, D., Tuwar, S.M., Mondal, K., and Shetti, N.P. (2022). Nanostructured ZnO-Based Electrochemical Sensor with Anionic Surfactant for the Electroanalysis of Trimethoprim. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100521"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Polin, R.A., Abman, S.H., Rowitch, D.H., Benitz, W.E., and Fox, W.W. (2017). Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.107588","article-title":"Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices containing magnetite nanoparticles for the determination of vitamins B2 and B6","volume":"179","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R., and White, H.S. (2022). Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, JohnWiley & Sons. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.11.012","article-title":"Elucidating differences between carbon paper and carbon cloth in polymer electrolyte fuel cells","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:05:33Z","timestamp":1760123133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23073560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23073560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]}}}