{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:39:33Z","timestamp":1775853573881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/32162\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/32162\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/4950\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4950\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/4950\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/4950\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/32162\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/32162\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["UIDB\/4950\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4950\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["UIDP\/4950\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/4950\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Robust methods to compute tissue displacements in optical coherence elastography (OCE) data are paramount, as they play a significant role in the accuracy of tissue elastic properties estimation. In this study, the accuracy of different phase estimators was evaluated on simulated OCE data, where the displacements can be accurately set, and on real data. Displacement (\u2206d) estimates were computed from (i) the original interferogram data\u00a0(\u0394\u03c6ori) and two phase-invariant mathematical manipulations of the interferogram: (ii) its first-order derivative (\u0394\u03c6d) and (iii) its integral (\u0394\u03c6int). We observed a dependence of the phase difference estimation accuracy on the initial depth location of the scatterer and the magnitude of the tissue displacement. However, by combining the three phase-difference estimates (\u0394dav), the error in phase difference estimation could be minimized. By using\u00a0\u0394dav, the median root-mean-square error associated with displacement prediction in simulated OCE data was reduced by 85% and 70% in data with and without noise, respectively, in relation to the traditional estimate. Furthermore, a modest improvement in the minimum detectable displacement in real OCE data was also observed, particularly in data with low signal-to-noise ratios. The feasibility of using\u00a0\u0394dav to estimate agarose phantoms\u2019 Young\u2019s modulus is illustrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T02:03:38Z","timestamp":1681437818000},"page":"3974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phase-Resolved Optical Coherence Elastography: An Insight into Tissue Displacement Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5672-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Serranho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Mathematics Section, Aberta University, 1250-100 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio J.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cust\u00f3dio","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Barbeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, CMUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9455-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6677-2754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, 3000-143 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-014-0305-8","article-title":"Elastography: History, Principles, and Technique Comparison","volume":"40","author":"Garra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Abdom. 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