{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:30:02Z","timestamp":1761294602748,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020","UIDB\/05549\/2020","UIDP\/05549\/2020","UIDP\/04077\/2020","UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020","UIDB\/05549\/2020","UIDP\/05549\/2020","UIDP\/04077\/2020","UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blind people often encounter challenges in managing their clothing, specifically in identifying defects such as stains or holes. With the progress of the computer vision field, it is crucial to minimize these limitations as much as possible to assist blind people with selecting appropriate clothing. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to use object detection technology to categorize and detect stains on garments. The defect detection system proposed in this study relies on the You Only Look Once (YOLO) architecture, which is a single-stage object detector that is well-suited for automated inspection tasks. The authors collected a dataset of clothing with defects and used it to train and evaluate the proposed system. The methodology used for the optimization of the defect detection system was based on three main components: (i) increasing the dataset with new defects, illumination conditions, and backgrounds, (ii) introducing data augmentation, and (iii) introducing defect classification. The authors compared and evaluated three different YOLOv5 models. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and suitable for different challenging defect detection conditions, showing high average precision (AP) values, and paving the way for a mobile application to be accessible for the blind community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T10:51:52Z","timestamp":1682679112000},"page":"4381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using Object Detection Technology to Identify Defects in Clothing for Blind People"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"2Ai, School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of C\u00e1vado and Ave, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"INL\u2014International Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai, School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of C\u00e1vado and Ave, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"2Ai, School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of C\u00e1vado and Ave, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600864794","article-title":"Assessment of vision-related quality of life in an older population subsample: The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"13","author":"Chia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580601139212","article-title":"Impact of visual impairment on quality of life: A comparison with quality of life in the general population and with other chronic conditions","volume":"14","author":"Langelaan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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