{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:43:05Z","timestamp":1764175385803,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater acoustic spiral sources can generate spiral acoustic fields where the phase depends on the bearing angle. This allows estimating the bearing angle of a single hydrophone relative to a single source and implementing localization equipment, e.g., for target detection or unmanned underwater vehicle navigation, without requiring an array of hydrophones and\/or projectors. A spiral acoustic source prototype made out of a single standard piezoceramic cylinder, which is able to generate both spiral and circular fields, is presented. This paper reports the prototyping process and the multi-frequency acoustic tests performed in a water tank where the spiral source was characterized in terms of the transmitting voltage response, phase, and horizontal and vertical directivity patterns. A receiving calibration method for the spiral source is proposed and showed a maximum angle error of 3\u00b0 when the calibration and the operation were carried out in the same conditions and a mean angle error of up to 6\u00b0 for frequencies above 25 kHz when the same conditions were not fulfilled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:00:27Z","timestamp":1684720827000},"page":"4931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In-Lab Demonstration of an Underwater Acoustic Spiral Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedrich","family":"Zabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algarve Technological Research Center, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1098\/rsnr.2011.0049","article-title":"Who knew piezoelectricity? 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