{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T22:04:12Z","timestamp":1776809052130,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AEI\/MCIN\/10.13039\/501100011033\/","award":["RTI2018-096886-B-C52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-096886-B-C52"]}]},{"name":"AEI\/MCIN\/10.13039\/501100011033\/","award":["PID2021-125325OB-C52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-125325OB-C52"]}]},{"name":"AEI\/MCIN\/10.13039\/501100011033\/","award":["PCI2022-135078-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2022-135078-2"]}]},{"name":"ERDF","award":["RTI2018-096886-B-C52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-096886-B-C52"]}]},{"name":"ERDF","award":["PID2021-125325OB-C52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-125325OB-C52"]}]},{"name":"ERDF","award":["PCI2022-135078-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2022-135078-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A composite optical bench made up of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) skin and aluminum honeycomb has been developed for the Tunable Magnetograph instrument (TuMag) for the SUNRISE III mission within the NASA Long Duration Balloon Program. This optical bench has been designed to meet lightweight and low sensitivity to thermal gradient requirements, resulting in a low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE). In addition to the flight model, a breadboard model identical to the flight one has been manufactured, including embedded fiber Bragg temperature and strain sensors. The aim of this is to explore if the use of distributed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) can provide valuable information for strain and temperature mapping of an optical instrument on board a space mission during its operation as well as its on-ground testing. Furthermore, surface-mounted strain FBG sensors and thermocouples have been installed in the optical bench for intercomparison purposes. This paper presents the results obtained from a thermal vacuum test consisting of three thermal cycles with stabilization steps at 100 \u00b0C, 60 \u00b0C, 20 \u00b0C and \u221220 \u00b0C. Experimental results provide information about how FBG embedded temperature sensors can provide a proper and quick response to the temperature changes of the optical bench and that embedded FBG strain sensors are able to measure micro-deformation induced in a close-to-zero CTE optical bench.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T01:02:23Z","timestamp":1689728543000},"page":"6499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Monitoring Temperature and Thermo-Elastic Deformations in a Carbon Fiber Optical Bench"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9447-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte","family":"Fr\u00f6vel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"L\u00f3pez Heredero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Belenguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Moravec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"San Juli\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cebollero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9228-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.13.001853","article-title":"Aperiodic Distributed-Parameter Waveguides for Integrated Optics","volume":"13","author":"Hill","year":"1974","journal-title":"Appl. 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