{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T03:41:35Z","timestamp":1775274095940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FUNDA\u00c7\u00c3O PARA A CI\u00caNCIA E TECNOLOGIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BDE\/150627\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BDE\/150627\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FUNDA\u00c7\u00c3O PARA A CI\u00caNCIA E TECNOLOGIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04559\/2020(LIBPhys)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04559\/2020(LIBPhys)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FUNDA\u00c7\u00c3O PARA A CI\u00caNCIA E TECNOLOGIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04559\/2020(LIBPhys)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04559\/2020(LIBPhys)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of organic-borne biomarkers has been gaining relevance due to its suitability for diagnosing pathologies and health conditions in a rapid, accurate, non-invasive, painless and low-cost way. Due to the lack of analytical techniques with features capable of analysing such a complex matrix as the human breath, the academic community has focused on developing electronic noses based on arrays of gas sensors. These sensors are assembled considering the excitability, sensitivity and sensing capacities of a specific nanocomposite, graphene. In this way, graphene-based sensors can be employed for a vast range of applications that vary from environmental to medical applications. This review work aims to gather the most relevant published papers under the scope of \u201cGraphene sensors\u201d and \u201cBiomarkers\u201d in order to assess the state of the art in the field of graphene sensors for the purposes of biomarker identification. During the bibliographic search, a total of six pathologies were identified as the focus of the work. They were lung cancer, gastric cancer, chronic kidney diseases, respiratory diseases that involve inflammatory processes of the airways, like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnoea and diabetes. The achieved results, current development of the sensing sensors, and main limitations or challenges of the field of graphene sensors are discussed throughout the paper, as well as the features of the experiments addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T01:54:12Z","timestamp":1700445252000},"page":"9271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The State of the Art on Graphene-Based Sensors for Human Health Monitoring through Breath Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Catal\u00e3o","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-NOVA), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-NOVA), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4710-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-NOVA), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-7047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Vassilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-NOVA), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1041","article-title":"The case for early detection","volume":"3","author":"Etzioni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.09.021","article-title":"Review of recent developments in determining volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis","volume":"996","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2022.2038075","article-title":"Breathing new life into clinical testing and diagnostics: Perspectives on volatile biomarkers from breath","volume":"59","author":"Haworth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217750088","article-title":"Biomarker definitions and their application","volume":"243","author":"Califf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06913","article-title":"The cancer biomarker problem","volume":"452","author":"Sawyers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, P.C., Raposo, M., and Vassilenko, V. (2023). Breath Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Pathological Conditions: A Review. Biomed. J., 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100623"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Amann, A., and Smith, D. (2013). Volatile Biomarkers: Non-Invasive Diagnosis in Physiology and Medicine, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bagchi, D., Das, A., and Sashwati, R. (2020). Wound Healing, Tissue Repair, and Regeneration Diabetes, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/3\/034001","article-title":"The human volatilome: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva","volume":"8","author":"Amann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY00400H","article-title":"Evaluation of gas chromatography mass spectrometry and pattern recognition for the identification of bladder cancer from urine headspace","volume":"8","author":"Cauchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15140","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds emitted from faeces as a biomarker for colorectal cancer","volume":"49","author":"Bond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"362","article-title":"Prospective Analyses of Volatile Organic Compounds in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients","volume":"156","author":"Aoki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv176","article-title":"Analysis of Breath Specimens for Biomarkers of Plasmodium falciparum Infection","volume":"212","author":"Berna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4563","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb20819b","article-title":"An e-nose made of carbon nanotube based quantum resistive sensors for the detection of eighteen polar\/nonpolar VOC biomarkers of lung cancer","volume":"1","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4588","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4588","article-title":"Exhaled breath analysis using on-line preconcentration mass spectrometry for gastric cancer diagnosis","volume":"56","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0076","article-title":"Human Breath Gas Analysis in the Screening of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Halbritter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046014","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/4\/046014","article-title":"Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis patients using breath VOC profiles","volume":"10","author":"Neerincx","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"047104","article-title":"COVID-19 screening using breath-borne volatile organic compounds","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29701","article-title":"Breath testing as potential colorectal cancer screening tool","volume":"138","author":"Amal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.08.048","article-title":"The Breathprints in Patients with Liver Disease Identify Novel Breath Biomarkers in Alcoholic Hepatitis","volume":"12","author":"Hanouneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.05.030","article-title":"The application of chromatographic breath analysis in the search of volatile biomarkers of chronic kidney disease and coexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1060","author":"Skowron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smolinska, A., Klaassen, E.M.M., Dallinga, J.W., Kant, K.D.G., Jobsis, Q., Moonen, E.J.C., Schayck, O.C.P., Dompeling, E., and Schooten, F.J. (2014). Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath as a Strategy to Find Early Predictive Signatures of Asthma in Children. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095668"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo4020300","article-title":"Short-Term Intra-Subject Variation in Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in COPD Patients and Healthy Controls and Its Effect on Disease Classification","volume":"4","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.11.135","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle sensors for detecting chronic kidney disease and disease progression","volume":"7","author":"Marom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2012.07.025","article-title":"Breath biomarkers of liver cirrhosis","volume":"905","author":"Dadamio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026003","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/2\/026003","article-title":"Volatile biomarkers in the breath of women with breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037102","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/3\/037102","article-title":"Differentiation of pulmonary bacterial pathogens in cystic fibrosis by volatile metabolites emitted by their in vitro cultures: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and the Burkholderia cepacia complex","volume":"10","author":"Dryahina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100609","article-title":"Diagnosis of COVID-19 by analysis of breath with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry\u2014A feasibility study","volume":"29","author":"Ruszkiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.44","article-title":"A nanomaterial-based breath test for distinguishing gastric cancer from benign gastric conditions","volume":"108","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0461","article-title":"Exhaled Breath Isoprene Rises During Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Neupane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy072","article-title":"Breathprinting Reveals Malaria-Associated Biomarkers and Mosquito Attractants","volume":"217","author":"Schaber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Diss"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6841","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01220H","article-title":"Analysis of human breath samples of lung cancer patients and healthy controls with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC-GC)","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Aguilar, M., Ram\u00edrez-Garc\u00eda, S., Ilizaliturri-Hern\u00e1ndez, C., G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez, A., Van-Brussel, E., D\u00edaz-Barriga, F., Medell\u00edn-Garibay, S., and Flores-Ram\u00edrez, R. (2019). Ultrafast gas chromatography coupled to electronic nose to identify biomarkers in exhaled breath from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A pilot study. Biomed. Chromatogr., 33.","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4684"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026003","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/2\/026003","article-title":"Exhaled breath profiling using broadband quantum cascade laser-based spectroscopy in healthy children and children with asthma and cystic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Mastrigt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0498-0","article-title":"Exhaled breath online measurement for cervical cancer patients and healthy subjects by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry","volume":"409","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.01.003","article-title":"Breath biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"90","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96845-z","article-title":"Towards reliable diagnostics of prostate cancer via breath","volume":"11","author":"Maiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40825-022-00220-x","article-title":"Ion Mobility Spectrometry Towards Environmental Volatile Organic Compounds Identification and Quantification: A Comparative Overview over Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Moura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emiss. Control Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.07.087","article-title":"On \u2018Electronic Nose\u2019 methodology","volume":"204","author":"Boeker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-9987-3","article-title":"Electronic Nose Technology in Respiratory Diseases","volume":"195","author":"Dragonieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2023.117012","article-title":"Contemporary ion mobility spectrometry applications and future trends towards environmental, health and food research: A review","volume":"486","author":"Moura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig, K.R., and Hummon, A.B. (2017). Mass spectrometry for the discovery of biomarkers of sepsis. Mol. Biosyst., 13.","DOI":"10.1039\/C6MB00656F"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.4956","article-title":"Advances in Gas Chromatographic Methods for the Identification of Biomarkers in Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Kouremenos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046003","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac1326","article-title":"Discrimination of COPD and lung cancer from controls through breath analysis using a self-developed e-nose","volume":"15","author":"Binson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanoun, O., and Derbel, N. (2021). Advanced Sensors for Biomedical Applications, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71225-9"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","article-title":"The rise of graphene","volume":"6","author":"Geim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-021-00202-7","article-title":"2D graphene oxide\u2013aptamer conjugate materials for cancer diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Sekhon","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.coac.2020.08.007","article-title":"Graphene based sensors","volume":"91","author":"Shahdeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandran, A., Unnikrishan, N.V., Jayaraj, M.K., and George, J. (2023). Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Technologies, IOP Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-3999-5"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, P.C., Pivetta, T.P., Vassilenko, V., Ribeiro, P.A., and Raposo, M. (2023). Graphene Oxide Thin Films for Detection and Quantification of Industrially Relevant Alcohols and Acetic Acid. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010462"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magro, C., Gon\u00e7alves, O.C., Morais, M., Ribeiro, P.A., S\u00e9rio, S., Vieira, P., and Raposo, M. (2022). Volatile Organic Compound Monitoring during Extreme Wildfires: Assessing the Potential of Sensors Based on LbL and Sputtering Films. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176677"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2018-0019","article-title":"Overview of electronic tongue sensing in environmental aqueous matrices: Potential for monitoring emerging organic contaminants","volume":"27","author":"Magro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magro, C., Zagalo, P., Pereira-da-Silva, J., Mateus, E.P., Ribeiro, A.B., Ribeiro, P., and Raposo, M. (2020). Polyelectrolyte Based Sensors as Key to Achieve Quantitative Electronic Tongues: Detection of Triclosan on Aqueous Environmental Matrices. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040640"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/abcfea","article-title":"SnO2-graphene composite gas sensor for a room temperature detection of ethanol","volume":"32","author":"Pienutsa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15206","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA00158A","article-title":"A highly responsive methanol sensor based on graphene oxide\/polyindole composites","volume":"10","author":"Phasuksom","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minta, D., Gonz\u00e1lez, Z., Wiench, P., Gryglewicz, S., and Gryglewicz, G. (2020). N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide\/Gold Nanoparticles Composite as an Improved Sensing Platform for Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine, Ascorbic Acid, and Uric Acid. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164427"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitoria, I., Gallego, E.E., Melendi-Espina, S., Hernaez, M., Zamarre\u00f1o, C.R., and Mat\u00edas, I.R. (2023). Gas Sensor Based on Lossy Mode Resonances by Means of Thin Graphene Oxide Films Fabricated onto Planar Coverslips. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031459"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernaez, M., Zamarre\u00f1o, C.R., Melendi-Espina, S., Bird, L.R., Mayes, A.G., and Arregui, F.J. (2017). Optical Fibre Sensors Using Graphene-Based Materials: A Review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010155"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5704","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN01059J","article-title":"A flexible virtual sensor array based on laserinduced graphene and MXene for detecting volatile organic compounds in human breath","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). Chronic Obstructive PULMONARY Disease (COPD). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). Asthma. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/asthma."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03321.x","article-title":"The definition and diagnosis of asthma","volume":"38","author":"Hargreave","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5_suppl.121S","article-title":"COPD: Epidemiology, Prevalence, Morbidity and Mortality, and Disease Heterogeneity","volume":"121","author":"Mannino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-0492","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Diagnosis of Occupational Asthma","volume":"131","author":"Beach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60647-X","article-title":"Early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Definition, assessment, and prevention","volume":"385","author":"Rennard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.07.023","article-title":"Allergic asthma exhaled breath metabolome: A challenge for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography","volume":"1254","author":"Caldeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201811-2210OC","article-title":"Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds Are Able to Discriminate between Neutrophilic and Eosinophilic Asthma","volume":"15","author":"Schleich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.13.184","article-title":"Metabolomics pilot study to identify volatile organic compound markers of childhood asthma in exhaled breath","volume":"5","author":"Gahleitner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40749-015-0010-1","article-title":"Analysis of exhaled breath fingerprints and volatile organic compounds in COPD","volume":"1","author":"Cazzola","year":"2015","journal-title":"COPD Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2017.03.007","article-title":"Study of 5 Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"53","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.03.068","article-title":"Beyond graphene: Electrochemical sensors and biosensors for biomarkers detection","volume":"89","author":"Bollella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17022","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2017.22","article-title":"Toward point-of-care management of chronic respiratory conditions: Electrochemical sensing of nitrite content in exhaled breath condensate using reduced graphene oxide","volume":"3","author":"Ghoizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsys. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35627","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA05764F","article-title":"Detection of respiratory inflammation biomarkers in non-processed exhaled breath condensate samples using reduced graphene oxide","volume":"12","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., and Ghosh, R. (2022). Selective determination of ammonia, ethanol and acetone by reduced graphene oxide based gas sensors at room temperature. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2020.100336"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2021.124884","article-title":"ZnO@SiO2\/rGO core\/shell nanocomposite: A superior sensitive, selective and reproducible performance for 1-propanol gas sensor at room temperature","volume":"271","author":"Samadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.10.222","article-title":"Synthesis of graphene on porous silicon for vapor organic sensor by using photoluminescence","volume":"180","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1039\/C6QI00058D","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide\u2013transition metal hybrids as p-type semiconductors for acetaldehyde sensing","volume":"3","author":"Murashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-015-3862-6","article-title":"Conventional surfactant-doped poly (o-anisidine)\/GO nanocomposites for benzaldehyde chemical sensor development","volume":"77","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Solgel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.024","article-title":"Bridging interdigitated electrodes by electrochemical-assisted deposition of graphene oxide for constructing flexible gas sensor","volume":"286","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Huang, Y., Kam, K.W.L., Cheung, W.F., Zhao, N., and Zheng, B. (2019). Functionalized graphene-based chemiresistive electronic nose for discrimination of disease-related volatile organic compounds. Biosens. Bioelectron. X, 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2019.100016"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.380","article-title":"Treatment of chronic kidney disease","volume":"81","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.107","article-title":"Thre risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"74","author":"Hsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"713","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.047","article-title":"Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for monitoring noncommunicable disease biomarkers","volume":"130","author":"Taniselass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayrakli, I., Turkmen, A., Akman, H., Sezer, M.T., and Kutluhan, S. (2016). Applications of external cavity diode laser-based technique to noninvasive clinical diagnosis using expired breath ammonia analysis: Chronic kidney disease, epilepsy. J. Biomed. Opt., 21.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.8.087004"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.05.012","article-title":"Detection of potential chronic kidney disease markers in breath using gas chromatography with mass-spectral detection coupled with thermal desorption method","volume":"1301","author":"Faber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obermeier, J., Trefz, P., Happ, J., Schubbert, J.K., Staude, H., Fischer, D.C., and Miekisch, W. (2017). Exhaled volatile substances mirror clinical conditions in pediatric chronic kidney disease. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178745"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.M., Eetemadi, A., and Tagkopoulos, I. (2021). Reduced Graphene Oxide-Metalloporphyrin Sensors for Human Breath Screening. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311290"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1007\/s10825-021-01737-0","article-title":"Application of nitrogenated holey graphene for detection of volatile organic biomarkers in exhaled breath of humans with chronic kidney disease: A density functional theory study","volume":"20","author":"Majidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Electron."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.12.010","article-title":"Graphene and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) hybridization for tunable chemoresistive sensors for detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) biomarkers","volume":"159","author":"Tung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9061","DOI":"10.1021\/am501394r","article-title":"Fast Responding Exhaled-Breath Sensors Using WO3 Hemitubes Functionalized by Graphene-Based Electronic Sensitizers for Diagnosis of Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2016.1153949","article-title":"The Measurement of Ammonia in Human Breath and its Potential in Clinical Diagnostics","volume":"46","author":"Brannelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.103","article-title":"Detection of ammonia in human breath using quartz crystal microbalance sensors with functionalized mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticle films","volume":"215","author":"Ogimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071057598","article-title":"Correlation of breath ammonia with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine during hemodialysis","volume":"98","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6706","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c00171","article-title":"Noninvasive Detection of Ammonia in the Breath of Hemodialysis Patients Using a Highly Sensitive Ammonia Sensor Based on a Polypyrrole\/Sulfonated Graphene Nanocomposite","volume":"93","author":"Shahmoradi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.134076","article-title":"Novel reduced graphene oxide\/zinc phthalocyanine and reduced graphene oxide\/cobalt phthalocyanine hybrids as high sensitivity room temperature volatile organic compound gas sensors","volume":"1271","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080020","article-title":"Epidemiology of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Complications","volume":"88","author":"Deshpande","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2016.1168291","article-title":"Prevalence and co-prevalence of comorbidities among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Iglay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1103643","article-title":"Diagnosis of Diabetes","volume":"367","author":"Inzucchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, K., Fardindoost, S., Ravishankara, A., Tasnim, N., and Hoorfar, M. (2021). Exhaled Breath Analysis for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring: Relevance, Challenges and Possibilities. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11120476"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17480","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA00815E","article-title":"Exhaled isopropanol: New potential biomarker in diabetic breathomics and its metabolic correlations with acetone","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037110","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/7\/3\/037110","article-title":"Correlations between blood glucose and breath components from portable gas sensors and PTR-TOF-MS","volume":"7","author":"Righettoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100922","article-title":"Electrical sensing of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath for disease diagnosis","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.12.090","article-title":"An investigation of GO-SnO2-TiO2 ternary nanocomposite for the detection of acetone in diabetes mellitus patient\u2019s breath","volume":"449","author":"Kalidoss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036008","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ab09ae","article-title":"A comparison of online and offline measurement of exhaled breath for diabetes pre-screening by graphene-based sensors; from powder processing to clinical monitoring prototype","volume":"13","author":"Kalidoss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016005","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/abc09b","article-title":"Adsorption kinetics feature extraction from breathprint obtained by graphene based sensors for diabetes diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Kalidoss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20207","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3208712","article-title":"A Multivariative Computational Approach with Hybrid Graphene Oxide Sensor Array for Partial Fulfillment of Breath Acetone Sensing","volume":"22","author":"Thakur","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1021\/am405088q","article-title":"Selective Detection of Acetone and Hydrogen Sulfide for the Diagnosis of Diabetes and Halitosis Using SnO2 Nanofibers Functionalized with Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171553","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated NiO-SnO2 nanocomposite based sensor towards room temperature diabetic biomarker detection","volume":"966","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000024","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.202000024","article-title":"Non-Invasive Diabetic Sensor Based on Cellulose Acetate\/Graphene Nanocomposite","volume":"392","author":"Yempally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495703","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac8d9c","article-title":"Scalable approach to fabricate paper-based biomass reduced graphene sensor for the detection of exhaled diabetic breath","volume":"33","author":"Rakkesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2009.01.004","article-title":"Gastric Cancer","volume":"71","author":"Catalano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.12.003","article-title":"Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"4","author":"Blair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606915","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.606915","article-title":"Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Exhaled Breath to Diagnose Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Metal-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560591","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.560591","article-title":"Advanced Diagnostic Technology of Volatile Organic Compounds Real Tiem Analysis from Exhaled Breath of Gastric Cancer Patients Using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8169","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b01441","article-title":"Breath Analysis Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors Distinguishes Early and Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients from Healthy Persons","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.7560","article-title":"Identification of Volatile Biomarkers of Gastric Cancer Cells and Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection based on Sensing Interface of Au-Ag Alloy coated MWCNTs","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308536","article-title":"Detection of precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer through exhaled breath","volume":"65","author":"Amal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020004","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0057775","article-title":"Detection of low PPM of volatile organic compounds using nanomaterial functionalized reduced graphene oxide sensor","volume":"2368","author":"Tombel","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velumani, M., Prasanth, A., Narasimman, S., Chandrasekhar, A., Sampson, A., Meher, S.R., Rajalingam, S., Rufus, E., and Alex, Z.C. (2022). Nanomaterial-Based Sensors for Exhaled Breath Analysis: A Review. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12121989"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2021.125378","article-title":"Ag nanoparticles modified Fe3O4\/reduced graphene oxide and their acetone sensing properties","volume":"276","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605660","article-title":"Lung cancer screening","volume":"102","author":"Pastorino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0221","article-title":"Cancer Progress and Priorities: Lung Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Schabath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). Lung Cancer Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/cancer-trends\/lung-cancer-statistics\/."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thriumani, R., Zakaria, A., Hashim, Y., Jeffree, A.I., Helmy, K.M., Kamarudin, L.M., Omar, M.I., Shakaff, A.Y., Adom, A.H., and Persaud, K.C. (2018). A study on volatile organic compounds emitted by in-vitro lung cancer cultured cells using gas sensor array and SPME-GCMS. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4235-7"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.06.005","article-title":"Breath biomarkers for lung cancer detection and assessment of smoking related effects\u2014Confounding variables, influence of normalization and statistical algorithms","volume":"411","author":"Kischkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.01.022","article-title":"Determination of aldehydes in exhaled breath of patients with lung cancer by means of on-fiber-derivatisation SPME-GC\/MS","volume":"878","author":"Poli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24970","article-title":"Breath gas aldehydes as biomarkers of lung cancer","volume":"126","author":"Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.162","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of lung cancer using exhaled breath","volume":"3","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6102-8","article-title":"Identification of volatile lung cancer markers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Comparison with discrimination by canines","volume":"404","author":"Buszewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saalberg, Y., Bruhns, H., and Wolff, M. (2017). Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for the Determination of Lung Cancer Biomarkers\u2014A Preliminary Investigation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010210"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"573","article-title":"Investigation of lung cancer biomarkers by hyphenated separation techniques and chemometrics","volume":"50","author":"Buszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026002","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/2\/2\/026002","article-title":"Compounds enhanced in a mass spectrometric profile of smokers\u2019 exhaled breath versus non-smokers as determined in a pilot study using PTR-MS","volume":"2","author":"Kushch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB02518A","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based gas sensors used for breath diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emam, S., Nasrollahpour, M., Allen, J.P., He, Y., Hussein, H., Shah, H.S., Tavangarian, F., and Sun, N.X. (2022). A handheld electronic device with the potential to detect lung cancer biomarkers from exhaled breath. Biomed. Microdevices, 24.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-022-00638-8"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40486-022-00154-7","article-title":"SnO2\/rGO nanocomposite for the detection of biomarkers of lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micro Nano Syst. Lett."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11467-015-0519-4","article-title":"Sniffing lung cancer related biomarkers using an oxidized graphene SAW sensor","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17713","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c00720","article-title":"Constructing an E Nose Using Metal-Ion-Induced Assembly of Graphene Oxide for Diagnosis of Lung Cancer via Exhaled Breath","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"App. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Vicente, C., Santos, J.P., Lozano, J., Sayago, I., Sanjurjo, J.L., Azabal, A., and Ruiz-Valdepe\u00f1as, S. (2020). Graphene-Doped Tin Oxide Nanofibers and Nanoribbons as Gas Sensors to Detect Biomarkers of Different Diseases through the Breath. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247223"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137736","article-title":"Toward Point-of-Care chronic disease Management: Biomarker detection in exhaled breath using an E-Nose sensor based on rGO\/SnO2 superstructures","volume":"448","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"(2023, October 21). Sleep Apnea Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncoa.org\/adviser\/sleep\/sleep-apnea-statistics\/."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15015","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.15","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Kohler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1816152","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults","volume":"380","author":"Veasey","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026005","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/9\/2\/026005","article-title":"An electric nose in the discrimination of obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"9","author":"Dragonieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casanova-Chafer, J., Garcia-Aboal, R., Atienzar, P., Bittencourt, C., and Lobet, E. (2021). Perovskite@Graphene Nanohybrids for Breath Analysis: A Proof-of-Concept. Chemosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9080215"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8956","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CC02984J","article-title":"The role of anions and cations in the gas sensing mechanisms of graphene decorated with lead halide perovskite nanocrystals","volume":"56","author":"Atienzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Comm."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160406","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated ZnO-SnO2: A ternary nanocomposite towards improved low concentration VOC sensing performance","volume":"881","author":"Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caccami, M.C., Miozzi, C., Mulla, M., Natale, C., and Marrocco, G. (2017, January 20\u201322). An epidermal graphene oxide-based RFID sensor for the wireless analysis of human breath. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology & Application (RFID-TA), Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID-TA.2017.8098641"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8893","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2867208","article-title":"Design and Experimentation of a Batteryless On-Skin RFID Graphene-Oxide Sensor for the Monitoring and Discrimination of Breath Anomalies","volume":"18","author":"Caccami","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205505","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac4c5e","article-title":"Detection of trace volatile organic compounds in spiked breath samples: A leap towards breathomics","volume":"33","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:25:33Z","timestamp":1760131533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23229271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23229271","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]}}}