{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:32:31Z","timestamp":1769725951859,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Glartek Retrofit Sensors","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047091\u2013GRS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047091\u2013GRS"]}]},{"name":"Glartek Retrofit Sensors","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047091\u2013GRS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047091\u2013GRS"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047091\u2013GRS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047091\u2013GRS"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 technologies has enabled the digital transformation of various processes and the integration of sensors with the internet. Despite these strides, many industrial sectors still rely on visual inspection of physical processes, especially those employing analog gauges. This method of monitoring introduces the risk of human errors and inefficiencies. Automating these processes has the potential, not only to boost productivity for companies, but also potentially reduce risks for workers. Therefore, this paper proposes an end-to-end solution to digitize analog gauges and monitor them using computer vision through integrating them into an IoT architecture, to tackle these problems. Our prototype device has been designed to capture images of gauges and transmit them to a remote server, where computer vision algorithms analyze the images and obtain gauge readings. These algorithms achieved adequate robustness and accuracy for industrial environments, with an average relative error of 0.95%. In addition, the gauge data were seamlessly integrated into an IoT platform leveraging computer vision and cloud computing technologies. This integration empowers users to create custom dashboards for real-time gauge monitoring, while also enabling them to set thresholds, alarms, and warnings, as needed. The proposed solution was tested and validated in a real-world industrial scenario, demonstrating the solution\u2019s potential to be implemented in a large-scale setting to serve workers, reduce costs, and increase productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1702898887000},"page":"9858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["End-to-End Solution for Analog Gauge Monitoring Using Computer Vision in an IoT Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5253-0140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3879-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glarevision S.A., 2400-441 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3022-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-023-01217-8","article-title":"Industry 5.0 or industry 4.0S? 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