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Presently, visual inspection stands as one of the prevalent methods for angle assessment. Although it could appear the most straightforward way to assess the angles, it presents a problem related to the high susceptibility to error in the angle estimation. In light of this, this study investigates the possibility of using a new approach to angle calculation: a hybrid approach leveraging both a camera and LiDAR technology, merging image data with point cloud information. This method employs AI-driven techniques to identify the individual and their joints, utilizing the cloud-point data for angle computation. The tests, considering different exercises with different perspectives and distances, showed a slight improvement compared to using YOLO v7 for angle calculation. However, the improvement comes with higher system costs when compared with other image-based approaches due to the necessity of equipment such as LiDAR and a loss of fluidity during the exercise performance. Therefore, the cost\u2013benefit of the proposed approach could be questionable. Nonetheless, the results hint at a promising field for further exploration and the potential viability of using the proposed methodology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T08:52:03Z","timestamp":1705308723000},"page":"530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Angle Assessment for Upper Limb Rehabilitation: A Novel Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-Based Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6306-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luan C.","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics (DAELN), Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR), Campus Curitiba, 80230-901 Curitiba, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9190-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arezki Abderrahim","family":"Chellal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4099-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius","family":"Grilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0276-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, INESC TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5499-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7915-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria F.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9542-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florbela P.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando 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