{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:50:18Z","timestamp":1777423818286,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsr\u00e5det)"},{"name":"Vinnova"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>RPL\u2014Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (usually pronounced \u201cripple\u201d)\u2014is the de facto standard for IoT networks. However, it neglects to exploit IoT devices\u2019 full capacity to optimize their transmission power, mainly because it is quite challenging to do so in parallel with the routing strategy, given the dynamic nature of wireless links and the typically constrained resources of IoT devices. Adapting the transmission power requires dynamically assessing many parameters, such as the probability of packet collisions, energy consumption, the number of hops, and interference. This paper introduces Adaptive Control of Transmission Power for RPL (ACTOR) for the dynamic optimization of transmission power. ACTOR aims to improve throughput in dense networks by passively exploring different transmission power levels. The classic solutions of bandit theory, including the Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) and Discounted UCB, accelerate the convergence of the exploration and guarantee its optimality. ACTOR is also enhanced via mechanisms to blacklist undesirable transmission power levels and stabilize the topology of parent\u2013child negotiations. The results of the experiments conducted on our 40-node, 12-node testbed demonstrate that ACTOR achieves a higher packet delivery ratio by almost 20%, reduces the transmission power of nodes by up to 10 dBm, and maintains a stable topology with significantly fewer parent switches compared to the standard RPL and the selected benchmarks. These findings are consistent with simulations conducted across 7 different scenarios, where improvements in end-to-end delay, packet delivery, and energy consumption were observed by up to 50%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T06:04:58Z","timestamp":1712556298000},"page":"2330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["ACTOR: Adaptive Control of Transmission Power in RPL"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2644-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliar","family":"Rabet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5590-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Fotouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering (ISEP\/IPP), Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7755-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Vahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2419-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"Bj\u00f6rkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks","volume":"6550","author":"Winter","year":"2012","journal-title":"RFC"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., and Bormann, C. 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