{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T15:35:26Z","timestamp":1775835326985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Key Program","award":["G2023133018L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2023133018L"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Key Program","award":["52278313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52278313"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Key Program","award":["5231101864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5231101864"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Key Program","award":["SQZ202310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQZ202310"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["G2023133018L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2023133018L"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52278313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52278313"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["5231101864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5231101864"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SQZ202310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQZ202310"]}]},{"name":"Technology Cooperation Project of Shanghai QiZhi Institute","award":["G2023133018L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2023133018L"]}]},{"name":"Technology Cooperation Project of Shanghai QiZhi Institute","award":["52278313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52278313"]}]},{"name":"Technology Cooperation Project of Shanghai QiZhi Institute","award":["5231101864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5231101864"]}]},{"name":"Technology Cooperation Project of Shanghai QiZhi Institute","award":["SQZ202310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQZ202310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presently, the prevailing approaches to assessing hinge joint damage predominantly rely on predefined damage indicators or updating finite element models (FEMs). However, these methods possess certain limitations. The damage indicator method requires high-quality monitoring data and demonstrates variable sensitivities of distinct indicators to damage. On the other hand, the FEM approach mandates a convoluted FEM update procedure. Hinge joint damage represents a major kind of defect in prefabricated assembled multi-girder bridges (AMGBs). Therefore, effective damage detection methods are imperative to identify the damage state of hinge joints. To this end, a stiffness-based method for the performance evaluation of hinge joints of AMGBs is proposed in this paper. The proposed method estimates hinge joint stiffness by solving the characteristic equations of the multi-beam system. In addition, this study introduces a method for determining baseline joint stiffness using design data and FEM. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation framework for hinge joints is formulated, coupling a finite element model with the baseline stiffness, thereby introducing a damage indicator rooted in stiffness ratios. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, strain and displacement correlations are analyzed using actual bridge monitoring data, and articulation joint stiffness is identified. The results underscore the capability of the proposed method to accurately pinpoint the location and extent of hinge joint damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1719828886000},"page":"4255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stiffness-Based Evaluation of Hinge Joints in Prefabricated Assembled Multi-Girder Bridges under Operational Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Hi-Speed Group Innovation Research Institute, Jinan 250102, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Highway Technology and Safety Assessment, Jinan 250102, China"}]},{"given":"Fengzong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Zhufeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Hi-Speed Engineering Testing Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gongfeng","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Hi-Speed Group Innovation Research Institute, Jinan 250102, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Highway Technology and Safety Assessment, Jinan 250102, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1548-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.109319","article-title":"Relationship between shear-stress distribution and resulting acoustic-emission variation along concrete joints in prefabricated girder structures","volume":"196","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. 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