{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:03Z","timestamp":1760145423700,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIPER\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana","award":["CIPER-UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPER-UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["CIPER-UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPER-UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to assess the musculoskeletal risk of military personnel on a Leopard 2 A6 main battle tank crew and to identify associated factors for future prevention and mitigation strategies. A sample of 57 Portuguese military personnel, who are or were part of the Leopard 2 A6 main battle tank crew, answered a questionnaire on their perception of task performance, considering muscle demands, comfort, posture, movements, and associated symptoms. A subsample of four soldiers from the Armoured Squadron of the Portuguese Mechanized Brigade were assessed using an inertial measurement unit system and underwent a whole-body kinematic analysis coupled with a Rapid Entire Body Assessment during a simulated two-hour mission. The results indicate that soldiers accurately perceive their roles within the crew and that, overall, there is a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries in all tasks. However, tasks directly related to the crew\u2019s primary duties carry consistently high risk when considering the time spent on their tasks. This study highlights the need for targeted preventive measures to reduce the incidence and severity of injuries among the crew of the Leopard 2 A6 main battle tank.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T16:23:41Z","timestamp":1720801421000},"page":"4527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Injuries within the Crew of the Leopard 2 A6 Main Battle Tank Using Inertial Movement Unit Sensors: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Carnide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Dami\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar, Academia Militar, 1169-203 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"MRLab\u2014Military Readiness Lab, 2720-113 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar, Academia Militar, 1169-203 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"MRLab\u2014Military Readiness Lab, 2720-113 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar, Academia Militar, 1169-203 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"MRLab\u2014Military Readiness Lab, 2720-113 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1074-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar, Academia Militar, 1169-203 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CMA, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P.","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2014.06.004","article-title":"The Burden and Management of Sports-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries and Conditions within the US Military","volume":"33","author":"Cameron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.10.021","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Injuries Description of an Under-Recognized Injury Problem among Military Personnel","volume":"38","author":"Hauret","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-02-2008","article-title":"A Comparison of Injuries, Limited-Duty Days, and Injury Risk Factors in Infantry, Artillery, Construction Engineers, and Special Forces Soldiers","volume":"174","author":"Reynolds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proposed Framework for Presenting Injury Data Using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) Diagnosis Codes","volume":"22","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl. Health Stat. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Nternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000471","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000471","article-title":"Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries among US Air Force Special Tactics Operators: An Economic Cost Perspective","volume":"4","author":"Lovalekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport. Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.29245\/2767-5130\/2020\/1.1104","article-title":"Biomechanics of Military Load Carriage and Resulting Musculoskeletal Injury: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283503406","article-title":"Rehabilitation Programs for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Military Personnel","volume":"24","author":"Yancosek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.08.003","article-title":"Association between Movement Patterns and Risk of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Navy Cadets: A Cohort Study","volume":"52","author":"Bunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.014","article-title":"Mitigating the Risk of Musculoskeletal Injury: A Systematic Review of the Most Effective Injury Prevention Strategies for Military Personnel","volume":"20","author":"Wardle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.03.016","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Injuries in Military Personnel\u2014Descriptive Epidemiology, Risk Factor Identification, and Prevention","volume":"24","author":"Lovalekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taanila, H., Suni, J.H., Kannus, P., Pihlajam\u00e4ki, H., Ruohola, J.P., Viskari, J., and Parkkari, J. (2015). Risk Factors of Acute and Overuse Musculoskeletal Injuries among Young Conscripts: A Population-Based Cohort Study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0557-7"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Uva, A.S., Carnide, F., Serranheira, F., Miranda, L.C., and Lopes, M.F. (2008). Les\u00f5es Musculoesquel\u00e9ticas Relacionadas Com o Trabalho: Guia de Orienta\u00e7\u00e3o Para a Preven\u00e7\u00e3o. Programa Nacional Contra as Doen\u00e7as Reum\u00e1ticas, Plano Nacional de Sa\u00fade."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.5.291","article-title":"Assessment of Mechanical Exposure in Ergonomic Epidemiology","volume":"55","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.12804\/revistas.urosario.edu.co\/revsalud\/a.6840","article-title":"Observational Methods for Assessing Ergonomic Risks for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. A Scoping Review","volume":"16","author":"Grooten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Ciencias de la Salud"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqi082","article-title":"Ergonomic Methods for Assessing Exposure to Risk Factors for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders","volume":"55","author":"David","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-03-5508","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Disorders in Main Battle Tank Personnel","volume":"174","author":"Nissen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/168.9.715","article-title":"Health Disturbances of German Battle Tank Officers: Results of an Interview with 64 Commanding Officers of a Tank Battalion","volume":"168","author":"Sandmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Baptista, D. (2013). A Import\u00e2ncia Da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica Militar, Para Ministrar Treino Da Guarni\u00e7\u00e3o de Carros de Combate. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Academia Militar]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.08.126","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Neck Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in Patients with Mechanical Neck Pain","volume":"89","author":"Cleland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Xsens MVN: Consistent Tracking of Human Motion Using Inertial Sensing","volume":"1","author":"Schepers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Xsens Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.04.004","article-title":"Human Movement Analysis Using Stereophotogrammetry","volume":"21","author":"Chiari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Xsens MVN: Full 6dof Human Motion Tracking Using Miniature Inertial Sensors","volume":"1","author":"Roetenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Xsen Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Xsens Technologies, B.V. (2018). Xsens Technologies, B.V. Xsens MVN User Manual. User Guide Xsens MVN; MVN Link; MVN Awinda, Xsens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grood, E.S., and Suntay, W.J. (1983). A Joint Coordinate System for the Clinical Description of Three-Dimensional Motions: Application to the Knee. J. Biomech. Eng., 105.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138397"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(99)00039-3","article-title":"Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)","volume":"31","author":"Hignett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.1.45","article-title":"Soldier Load Carriage: Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects","volume":"169","author":"Knapik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4527\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:16:09Z","timestamp":1760109369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24144527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24144527","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}}}