{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:04:43Z","timestamp":1768262683902,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.07714.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07714.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05913\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05913\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2020.07714.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07714.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/05913\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05913\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Runners achieve forward locomotion through diverse techniques. However, understanding the behavior of the involved kinematical variables remains incomplete, particularly when running overground and along an intensity spectrum. We aimed to characterize the biomechanical and physiological adaptations while running at low, moderate, heavy and severe intensities. Ten middle- and long-distance runners completed an incremental intermittent protocol of 800 m steps until exhaustion (1 km\u00b7h\u22121 velocity increments and 30 s intervals) on an outdoor track field. Biomechanical data were captured using two high-resolution video cameras, and linear and angular kinematic variables were analyzed. With the intensity rise, a decrease in stride, step and contact times ([0.70\u20130.65], [0.35\u20130.33] and [0.42\u20130.37] s) and an increase in stride length and frequency and flight time ([3.13\u20133.52] m, [1.43\u20131.52] Hz and [0.28\u20130.29] s; p &lt; 0.05) were observed, together with an increase in oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentrations ([54.7\u201367.6] mL\u2219kg\u22121\u2219min\u22121 and [3.1\u201310.2] mmol\u2219L\u22121). A more flexed hip at initial contact and toe-off (152.02\u2013149.36] and [165.70\u2013163.64]) and knee at initial contact ([162.64\u2013159.57]; p &lt; 0.05) were also observed. A consistent gait pattern along each protocol step was exhibited, with minor changes without practical significance. Runners are constantly adapting their gait pattern, reflected in both biomechanical and physiological responses, both of which should be considered for better characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24237526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T11:25:33Z","timestamp":1732533933000},"page":"7526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Kinematical and Physiological Responses of Overground Running Gait Pattern at Different Intensities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3910-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Galano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-4656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosme F.","family":"Buzzachera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001245","article-title":"Running technique is an important component of running economy and performance","volume":"49","author":"Folland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198908000-00020","article-title":"Stride length in distance running: Velocity, body dimensions, and added mass effects","volume":"21","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zatsiorsky, V.M. (2000). The dynamics of running. Biomechanics in Sport: Performance Enhancement and Injury Prevention, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693797"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0139-y","article-title":"A review of the evolution of vision-based motion analysis and the integration of advanced computer vision methods towards developing a markerless system","volume":"4","author":"Colyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Needham, L., Evans, M., Wade, L., Cosker, D.P., McGuigan, M.P., Bilzon, J.L., and Colyer, S.L. (2022). The development and evaluation of a fully automated markerless motion capture workflow. J. Biomech., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111338"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020253","article-title":"Effects of wearing a 50% lower jaw advancement splint on biophysical and perceptual responses at low to severe running intensities","volume":"12","author":"Cardoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2015.1130754","article-title":"Forefoot bending stiffness, running economy and kinematics during overground running","volume":"8","author":"Madden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01237-z","article-title":"Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies","volume":"50","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01087-9","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Crossover Studies Comparing Physiological, Perceptual and Performance Measures Between Treadmill and Overground Running","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181677530","article-title":"A kinematics and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill running","volume":"40","author":"Riley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198201000-00006","article-title":"The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running","volume":"14","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085014","article-title":"Exercise modality effect on oxygen uptake off-transient kinetics at maximal oxygen uptake intensity","volume":"100","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.3390\/s24186032","article-title":"Kinematical Effects of a Mandibular Advancement Occlusal Splint on Running until Exhaustion at Severe Intensity","volume":"24","author":"Cardoso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"53","article-title":"Adding protein to a carbohydrate pre-exercise beverage does not influence running performance and metabolism","volume":"63","author":"Lopes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0631-2682","article-title":"High-intensity Interval Training in Different Exercise Modes: Lessons from Time to Exhaustion","volume":"39","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0975-9532","article-title":"Anaerobic threshold biophysical characterisation of the four swimming techniques","volume":"41","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015808","article-title":"An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers","volume":"40","author":"Ferguson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075009","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ac7c51","article-title":"Repeatability of ventilatory, metabolic and biomechanical responses to an intermittent incremental swimming protocol","volume":"43","author":"Monteiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patoz, A., Blokker, T., Pedrani, N., Spicher, R., Borrani, F., and Malatesta, D. (2023). Biomechanical adaptations during exhaustive runs at 90 to 120% of peak aerobic speed. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35345-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.783627","article-title":"Stride frequency in relation to oxygen consumption in experienced and novice runners","volume":"14","author":"Verdijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.064527","article-title":"Muscular strategy shift in human running: Dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance","volume":"215","author":"Dorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patoz, A., Lussiana, T., Thouvenot, A., Mourot, L., and Gindre, C. (2020). Duty Factor Reflects Lower Limb Kinematics of Running. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10248818"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb192047","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.192047","article-title":"The implications of time on the ground on running economy: Less is not always better","volume":"222","author":"Lussiana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964896","article-title":"Factors related to top running speed and economy","volume":"28","author":"Nummela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113508544","article-title":"Influence of stride frequency and length on running mechanics: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Schubert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"887","article-title":"Effects of fatigue on kinematics and kinetics during overground running: A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Winter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ebedf4","article-title":"Effects of step rate manipulation on joint mechanics during running","volume":"43","author":"Heiderscheit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.07.001","article-title":"The effects of running in an exerted state on lower extremity kinematics and joint timing","volume":"43","author":"Dierks","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200206000-00015","article-title":"Impacts and kinematic adjustments during an exhaustive run","volume":"34","author":"Derrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/23\/7526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:39:17Z","timestamp":1760114357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/23\/7526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s24237526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24237526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]}}}