{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:34:45Z","timestamp":1776900885896,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/05757\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05757\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/05757\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05757\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["442696\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442696\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/05757\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05757\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDP\/05757\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05757\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["442696\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442696\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["UIDB\/05757\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05757\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["UIDP\/05757\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05757\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["442696\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442696\/2023-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on the modeling, control, and simulation of an over-actuated hexacopter tilt-rotor (HTR). This configuration implies that two of the six actuators are independently tilted using servomotors, which provide high maneuverability and reliability. This approach is predicted to maintain zero pitch throughout the trajectory and is expected to improve the aircraft\u2019s steering accuracy. This arrangement is particularly beneficial for precision agriculture (PA) applications where accurate monitoring and management of crops are critical. The enhanced maneuverability allows for precise navigation in complex vineyard environments, enabling the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to perform tasks such as aerial imaging and crop health monitoring. The employed control architecture consists of cascaded proportional (P)-proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controllers using the successive loop closure (SLC) method on the five controlled degrees of freedom (DoFs). Simulated results using Gazebo demonstrate that the HTR achieves stability and maneuverability throughout the flight path, significantly improving precision agriculture practices. Furthermore, a comparison of the HTR with a traditional hexacopter validates the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25020479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T10:00:01Z","timestamp":1736935201000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Over-Actuated Hexacopter Tilt-Rotor UAV Prototype for Agriculture of Precision: Modeling and Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8697-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Oliveira","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electroelectronics, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Leopoldina 36700-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murillo Ferreira dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electroelectronics, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Leopoldina 36700-001, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-1207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3288-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Mercorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Production Technology and Systems (IPTS), Leuphana Universit\u00e4t L\u00fcneburg, 21335 L\u00fcneburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Mara","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Minas Gerais (FAMINAS), Muria\u00e9 36888-233, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Leme, F.P. 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