{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:36:49Z","timestamp":1776317809542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7253"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["UIDB\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7253"]}]},{"name":"the Next Generation EU Funds","award":["UIDB\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285"]}]},{"name":"the Next Generation EU Funds","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Next Generation EU Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"the Next Generation EU Funds","award":["7253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7253"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resistivity-type humidity sensors, which detect changes in electrical resistance in response to variations in environmental humidity, have garnered significant interest due to their widespread application in industry, agriculture, and daily life. These sensors rely on diverse materials for fabrication, but their increasing variety has contributed to the accumulation of electronic waste. As a biodegradable polymer, cellulose offers unique advantages, including a naturally hydrophilic structure and a large specific surface area. These properties enable cellulose to reduce e-waste generation while facilitating the efficient adsorption of water molecules. However, despite these benefits, humidity sensors based solely on cellulose often suffer from poor sensitivity due to its limited hydrophilicity and non-adjustable structure. To overcome these limitations, the development of composite materials emerges as a promising solution for enhancing the performance of cellulose-based humidity sensors. Combining the complementary properties of cellulose and TiO2, this work presents the development of a cellulose\/TiO2 composite humidity sensor through a sustainable approach. The resulting composite material exhibits significantly improved sensitivity compared with a sensor fabricated purely from cellulose. To achieve this, TiO2 nanoparticles were incorporated into cellulose extracted from potato peels, and the composite film was fabricated using the casting method. The sensor\u2019s performance was evaluated by analyzing the dependence of its complex impedance, measured over a frequency range between 2 kHz and 10 MHz, while varying relative humidity (RH).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1740737553000},"page":"1506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cellulose\/TiO2 Humidity Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Devesa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3596-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohra","family":"Benzarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Applications (LaMMA), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra Road km 3.5, B.P. 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Madalena","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Faia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Polo 2, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c20918","article-title":"A Printed Flexible Humidity Sensor with High Sensitivity and Fast Response Using a Cellulose Nanofiber\/Carbon Black Composite","volume":"14","author":"Tachibana","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129879","article-title":"Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on Modified Cellulose Paper","volume":"339","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NH00594K","article-title":"Highly Stable Pd\/HNb3O8-Based Flexible Humidity Sensor for Perdurable Wireless Wearable Applications","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.133039","article-title":"An Overview: Sensors for Low Humidity Detection","volume":"376","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.116415","article-title":"Advances in Quartz Crystal Microbalance Relative Humidity Sensors: A Review","volume":"243","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, W., Wu, C., and Zhao, W. (2025). Humidity-Sensing Performance of TiO2\/RGO and \u03b1-Fe2O3\/RGO Composites. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030691"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.07.003","article-title":"Recent Advances in Regenerated Cellulose Materials","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b22754","article-title":"Flexible and Transparent Cellulose-Based Ionic Film as a Humidity Sensor","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.158018","article-title":"Highly Sensitivity and Wide-Range Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on LiCl\/Cellulose Nanofiber Membrane by One-Step Electrospinning","volume":"503","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Z., Ma, Z., Guan, X., Zhao, H., Liu, S., Fei, T., and Zhang, T. (2022). A Cellulose Nanofiber Capacitive Humidity Sensor with High Sensitivity and Fast Recovery Characteristics. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10110464"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.02.027","article-title":"Effect of Composition on Electrical Response to Humidity of TiO2:ZnO Sensors Investigated by Impedance Spectroscopy","volume":"181","author":"Faia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2023.116902","article-title":"Preparation and Performance of TiO2\/ZnO Humidity Sensor Based on TiO2","volume":"298","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.06.450","article-title":"Study of Humidity Sensing Properties of TiO2\/Ethyl Cellulose (EC) Composite","volume":"66","author":"Efriyadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.09.187","article-title":"Highly Sensitive, Flexible and Transparent TiO2\/Nanocellulose Humidity Sensor for Respiration and Skin Monitoring","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, X., Wang, H., Ding, H., Li, J., Zhao, H., Lin, Z., Xi, H., and Zhang, X. (2022). Flexible Humidity Sensors Based on Multidimensional Titanium Dioxide\/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composite Film. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12121970"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.01.006","article-title":"Electronic Waste Management Approaches: An Overview","volume":"33","author":"Kiddee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go\u00f1i-Ciaurriz, L., Dur\u00e1n, A., Pe\u00f1as, F.J., and V\u00e9laz, I. (2022). Enhanced Biodegradation of Polylactic Acid and Cellulose Acetate Nanocomposites in Wastewater: Effect of TiO2 and \u03b2-Cyclodextrin, Research Square.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2064652\/v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124962","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of a Starch-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogel Composite Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals from Potato Peel Waste","volume":"601","author":"Olad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.06.002","article-title":"Biocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals Derived from Potato Peel Waste","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-022-05352-2","article-title":"Polyantimonic Acid-Based Materials Evaluated as Moisture Sensors at Ambient Temperature","volume":"27","author":"Mendes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33486","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06222B","article-title":"Research on Cellulose Nanocrystals Produced from Cellulose Sources with Various Polymorphs","volume":"7","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/004051755902901003","article-title":"An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-Ray Diffractometer","volume":"29","author":"Segal","year":"1959","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"118","article-title":"Overview on Native Cellulose and Microcrystalline Cellulose I Structure Studied by X-Ray Diffraction (WAXD): Comparison between Measurement Techniques","volume":"89","author":"Terinte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lenzing. Berichte"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30262","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c03117","article-title":"Oxidized Cellulose Nanocrystals from Durian Peel Waste by Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation","volume":"8","author":"Pratiwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5658\/WOOD.2019.47.5.597","article-title":"Effect of Ammonium Persulfate Concentration on Characteristics of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Oil Palm Frond","volume":"47","author":"Zaini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marwanto, M., Maulana, M.I., Febrianto, F., Wistara, N.J., Nikmatin, S., Masruchin, N., Zaini, L.H., Lee, S.-H., and Kim, N.-H. (2021). Effect of Oxidation Time on the Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Prepared from Balsa and Kapok Fibers Using Ammonium Persulfate. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111894"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117029","article-title":"Optimum Oxidation for Direct and Efficient Extraction of Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals from Recycled MDF Fibers by Ammonium Persulfate","volume":"251","author":"Khanjanzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11315","article-title":"Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted from Pennisetum Purpureum Fibers and Its Application as a Lubricating Additive in Engine Oil","volume":"8","author":"Aryasena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.02.008","article-title":"Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibers from Miscanthus x. Giganteus by Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation","volume":"212","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.11.038","article-title":"Extraction and Comparison of Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals from Bleached Sugarcane Bagasse Pulp Using Two Different Oxidation Methods","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.06.121","article-title":"Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Nanocomposite Films Reinforced with Oxidized Nanocellulose Isolated Using Ammonium Persulfate Method","volume":"174","author":"Oun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipova, I., Fridrihsone, V., Cabulis, U., and Berzins, A. (2018). Synthesis of Nanofibrillated Cellulose by Combined Ammonium Persulphate Treatment with Ultrasound and Mechanical Processing. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8090640"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1021\/sc3001367","article-title":"Green Strategy Guided by Raman Spectroscopy for the Synthesis of Ammonium Carboxylated Nanocrystalline Cellulose and the Recovery of Byproducts","volume":"1","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.10.031","article-title":"Present and Future Acid Deposition to Ecosystems: The Effect of Climate Change","volume":"40","author":"Sanderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29905-1","article-title":"Design and Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Cellulose Nanocrystal Films by Combination of Self-Assembly and Organocatalysis","volume":"13","author":"Alimohammadzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magagula, L.P., Masemola, C.M., Ballim, M.A., Tetana, Z.N., Moloto, N., and Linganiso, E.C. (2022). Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals and Carbon Nanomaterials: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084310"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaenm.3c00574","article-title":"Sono-Extracted Crystalline Nanocellulose Thin Film as a Supporting Material for Fabrication of Highly Sensitive and Stable Flexible Sensors for Thermal Applications","volume":"2","author":"Chandel","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X56001388","article-title":"\u00dcber Die Verfeinerung Der Kristallstrukturbestimmung Einiger Vertreter Des Rutiltyps: TiO2, SnO2, GeO2 Und MgF2","volume":"9","author":"Baur","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.3390\/s110605543","article-title":"Sensing the Structural Differences in Cellulose from Apple and Bacterial Cell Wall Materials by Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Cybulska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016616920539","article-title":"NIR FT Raman Spectroscopy\u2014A Rapid Analytical Tool for Detecting the Transformation of Cellulose Polymorphs","volume":"8","author":"Schenzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195414","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.77.195414","article-title":"Size-Dependent Modifications of the First-Order Raman Spectra of Nanostructured TiO2","volume":"77","author":"Swamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1021\/es802628n","article-title":"Influence of Ionic Strength, PH, and Cation Valence on Aggregation Kinetics of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles","volume":"43","author":"French","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2010.04.045","article-title":"Effect of the Agglomeration of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Their Photocatalytic Performance in the Aqueous Phase","volume":"348","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25574","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25574","article-title":"Positive Impedance Humidity Sensors via Single-Component Materials","volume":"6","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.06.117","article-title":"TiO2:WO3 Composite Humidity Sensors Doped with ZnO and CuO Investigated by Impedance Spectroscopy","volume":"203","author":"Faia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b04259","article-title":"Flexible and Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensor Based on Cellulose Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotube Composite Film","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(83)85012-4","article-title":"Ceramic Humidity Sensors","volume":"4","author":"Seiyama","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600404","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600404","article-title":"Porous Ionic Membrane Based Flexible Humidity Sensor and Its Multifunctional Applications","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.03.156","article-title":"The Effect of Co-Doping on the Humidity Sensing Properties of Ordered Mesoporous TiO2","volume":"412","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-017-8342-z","article-title":"Impedometric Humidity Sensing Characteristics of SnO2 Thin Films and SnO2\u2013ZnO Composite Thin Films Grown by Magnetron Sputtering","volume":"29","author":"Velumani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-01598-1","article-title":"Influence of Humidity on Complex Impedance and Dielectric Properties of Iron Manganite (FeMnO3)","volume":"30","author":"Nikolic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c04784","article-title":"Chemisorption and Physisorption of Water Vapors on the Surface of Lithium-Substituted Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Chavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.04.016","article-title":"Establishing and Interpreting an Electrical Circuit Representing a TiO2\u2013WO3 Series of Humidity Thick Film Sensors","volume":"140","author":"Faia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Pomerantsev, A.L. (2005). EIS Spectrum Analyser. Progress in Chemometrics Research, Nova Science."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2016.09.005","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of FeNbO4 Ceramics Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method","volume":"61","author":"Devesa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/5\/1506\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:44:52Z","timestamp":1760028292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/5\/1506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s25051506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25051506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}