{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T05:18:44Z","timestamp":1762838324542,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban traffic congestion leads to daily delays, driven by outdated, rigid control systems. As vehicle numbers grow, fixed-phase signals struggle to adapt to real-time conditions. This work presents a decentralized Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) system to manage a traffic cell composed of five intersections, introducing the novel Strategic Anti-Blocking Phase Adjustment (SAPA) module, developed to enable dynamic phase time adjustments. The goal is to optimize arterial traffic flow by adapting strategies to different traffic generation patterns, simulating priority movements along circular or radial arterials, such as inbound or outbound city flows. The system aims to manage diverse scenarios within a cell, with the long-term goal of scaling to city-wide networks. A Visible Light Communication (VLC) infrastructure is integrated to support real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure, capturing vehicle position, speed, and pedestrian presence at intersections. The system is evaluated through multiple performance metrics, showing promising results: reduced vehicle queues and waiting times, increased average speeds, and improved pedestrian safety and overall flow management. These outcomes demonstrate the system\u2019s potential to deliver adaptive, intelligent traffic control for complex urban environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25226843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T15:07:31Z","timestamp":1762787251000},"page":"6843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intelligent Traffic Control Strategies for VLC-Connected Vehicles and Pedestrian Flow Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4267-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Telecommunication and Computer Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1150-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Telecommunication and Computer Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Augusto","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Telecommunication and Computer Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8556-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"V\u00e9stias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Telecommunication and Computer Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC-INOV, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Telecommunication and Computer Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Modeling of Smart Cities Based on ITS Architecture","volume":"11","author":"Pribyl","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. 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