{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:09:45Z","timestamp":1777385385479,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0063\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring civil infrastructure is increasingly critical due to aging assets, urban expansion, and the need for early detection of structural instabilities. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) offers high-resolution, all-weather surface deformation monitoring capabilities, which are being enhanced by recent advances in Deep Learning (DL). Despite growing interest, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive synthesis of how DL models are applied specifically to infrastructure monitoring using InSAR data. This review addresses this gap by systematically analyzing 67 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and February 2025. We examine the DL architectures employed, ranging from LSTMs and CNNs to Transformer-based and hybrid models, and assess their integration within various stages of the InSAR monitoring pipeline, including pre-processing, temporal analysis, segmentation, prediction, and risk classification. Our findings reveal a predominance of LSTM and CNN-based approaches, limited exploration of pre-processing tasks, and a focus on urban and linear infrastructures. We identify methodological challenges such as data sparsity, low coherence, and lack of standard benchmarks, and we highlight emerging trends including hybrid architectures, attention mechanisms, end-to-end pipelines, and data fusion with exogenous sources. The review concludes by outlining key research opportunities, such as enhancing model explainability, expanding applications to underexplored infrastructure types, and integrating DL-InSAR workflows into operational structural health monitoring systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25237169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T14:59:04Z","timestamp":1763996344000},"page":"7169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Deep Learning Meets InSAR for Infrastructure Monitoring: A Systematic Review of Models, Applications, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Fontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems (CRIIS), Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00fa\u0161","family":"Bako\u0148","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insar.sk Ltd., Konstantinova 3, 08001 Presov, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Finance, Accounting and Mathematical Methods, Faculty of Management and Business, University of Presov, Konstantinova 16, 08001 Presov, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems (CRIIS), Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981241260690","article-title":"Exploring Inspection Technologies for Highway Infrastructure During Construction and Asset Management","volume":"2679","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. 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