{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T02:34:40Z","timestamp":1769481280607,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04057\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04057\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Upper limb loss has a profound impact on individuals\u2019 daily activities, self-image, and social interactions. Despite continuous technological advances in upper-limb prosthetics, high rates of device abandonment persist, highlighting the need to better understand users\u2019 functional and psychosocial needs. Methods: To gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives of upper limb amputees and the synthesis of their needs across ergonomic, functional, and psychological dimensions, this study was conducted. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to synthesize user-reported evidence on upper-limb prosthesis use. Articles indexed in the Web of Science database between 2016 and December 2023 were screened using predefined search terms related to upper-limb amputation, prostheses, social impact, and user needs. Studies were included if they reported direct perspectives of upper-limb prosthesis users regarding usability, functionality, and lived experience. Results: Out of 239 papers identified, 31 were included and analyzed. The findings reveal that functional performance, comfort, weight, intuitive control, and reliability are strongly interconnected with psychosocial factors such as confidence, embodiment, social participation, and acceptance. Technological advances have not consistently translated into improved alignment between prosthetic solutions and user needs, which is reflected in continued dissatisfaction and abandonment. Conclusions: This review provides a structured synthesis of user-reported needs across functional, ergonomic, and psychosocial dimensions, translating these insights into design-relevant guidelines. Emphasizing a user-centered and interdisciplinary perspective, the findings aim to support the development of upper-limb prosthetic devices that are more usable, acceptable, and aligned with users\u2019 expectations, ultimately bridging the gap between user expectations and technological capabilities and promoting long-term adoption and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T16:13:48Z","timestamp":1769444028000},"page":"734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Redefining Prosthetic Needs: Insights from Individuals with Upper Limb Loss\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0725-798X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Caldas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ID+ Research Institute for Design, Media and Culture, School of Design, Polytechnic Institute of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dem\u00e9trio","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ID+ Research Institute for Design, Media and Culture, School of Design, Polytechnic Institute of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4628-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"de Eyto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSAD Research Institute, Limerick School of Art & Design, Technological University of the Shannon (TUS), V94 KX22 Limerick, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ID+ Research Institute for Design, Media and Culture, School of Design, Polytechnic Institute of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, B., Hu, D., Gu, S., Xiao, S., and Song, F. (2023). The global burden of traumatic amputation in 204 countries and territories. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1258853"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620972258","article-title":"Global prevalence of traumatic non-fatal limb amputation","volume":"45","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, September 09). Prosthetics for Orthotics: Standards & Implementation Guide Part 2. Available online: https:\/\/qualityhealthservices.who.int\/quality-toolkit\/qt-catalog-item\/standards-for-prosthetics-and-orthotics---part-2-implementation-manual."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, B., Zingalis, G., Ritter, S., and Mehta, K. (2015, January 8\u201311). A review of current upper-limb prostheses for resource constrained settings. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GHTC.2015.7343954"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordella, F., Ciancio, A.L., Sacchetti, R., Davalli, A., Cutti, A.G., Guglielmelli, E., and Zollo, L. (2016). Literature review on needs of upper limb prosthesis users. Front. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00209"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Matos, J.P., Carolino, E., and Ramos, R. (2023, September 09). Dados Epidemiol\u00f3gicos sobre amputa\u00e7\u00f5es realizadas em Portugal entre 2000 e 2015. Lisbon. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.ipl.pt\/entities\/publication\/d2cb2aec-5051-4b55-8098-605d611d57c8."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.07.016","article-title":"Health-related quality of life after upper extremity injuries and predictors for suboptimal outcome","volume":"45","author":"Selles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1594403","article-title":"A narrative review: Current upper limb prosthetic options and design","volume":"15","author":"Trent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.32598\/irj.20.2.1621.3","article-title":"Body Image and Its Association with Self-esteem Among Amputation Cases at Prosthetics Center in Hilla City, Iraq","volume":"20","author":"Abdulrazaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. Rehabil. J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"NHS (2023, November 10). Amputation. Available online: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/amputation\/."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"64","article-title":"As viv\u00eancias do luto e seus est\u00e1gios em pessoas amputadas","volume":"15","author":"Seren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. SPAGESP"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghadage, D., Bagde, R., Jha, S., Mohini, D., and Barhate, C. (2023, January 18\u201320). A Review On Current Technological Advancements in Prosthetic Arms. Proceedings of the 2023 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, Embedded and Secure Systems (ACCESS), Kalady, Ernakulam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS57397.2023.10200952"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1960","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1960","article-title":"Transradial prostheses: Trends in development of hardware and control systems","volume":"15","author":"Semasinghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robot. Comput. Assist. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1866684","article-title":"Current rates of prosthetic usage in upper-limb amputees\u2013have innovations had an impact on device acceptance?","volume":"44","author":"Salminger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600994581","article-title":"Upper limb prosthesis use and abandonment: A survey of the last 25 years","volume":"31","author":"Biddiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000320","article-title":"Early upper-limb prosthetic fitting and brain development: Considerations for success","volume":"32","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01180-1","article-title":"A scoping review of eye tracking metrics used to assess visuomotor behaviours of upper limb prosthesis users","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2020.12.009","article-title":"A review of technology, materials and R & D challenges of upper limb prosthesis for improved user suitability","volume":"23","author":"Brack","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1738567","article-title":"Comfort and function remain key factors in upper limb prosthetic abandonment: Findings of a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Smail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1091\/acac57","article-title":"Active upper limb prostheses: A review on current state and upcoming breakthroughs","volume":"5","author":"Marinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K., and Qin, S. (2023). An Interdisciplinary Approach and Advanced Techniques for Enhanced 3D-Printed Upper Limb Prosthetic Socket Design: A Literature Review. Actuators, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/act12060223"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101588","article-title":"Prosthetic hand control: A multidisciplinary review to identify strengths, shortcomings, and the future","volume":"53","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30283-2","article-title":"General considerations in managing upper limb amputations","volume":"12","author":"Beasley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Carrozza, M.C., Vecchit, E., Sebastianit, E., Cappiellot, G., Roccellat, S., Zecca\u2019t, M., Lazzarini\u2019t, R., and Dario\u2019, P. (2003, January 14\u201319). Experimental analysis of an innovative prosthetic hand with proprioceptive sensors. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.03CH37422), Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanr\u0131kulu, S., Bekmez, \u015e., \u00dcz\u00fcmc\u00fcgil, A., and Leblebicio\u011flu, G. (2014). Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Wrist and Hand. Sports Injuries, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36801-1_49-1"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Elkoura, G., and Singh, K. (2003, January 26\u201327). Handrix: Animating the Human Hand. Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Drake, R.L., Vogl, A.W., Mitchell, A., and Gray, H. (2010). Gray\u2019s Anatomy for Students, Churchill Livingstone\/Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis6020022","article-title":"Upper Limb Prostheses by the Level of Amputation: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Segura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grushko, S., Spurn\u00fd, T., and Cern\u00fd, M. (2020). Control Methods for Transradial Prostheses Based on Remnant Muscle Activity and Its Relationship with Proprioceptive Feedback. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174883"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, H., Dupan, S., Dyson, M., Krasoulis, A., Kenney, L.P.J., Donovan-Hall, M., Memarzadeh, K., Day, S., Coutinho, M., and Nazarpour, K. (2021). Co-creation and User Perspectives for Upper Limb Prosthetics. Front. Neurorobot., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2021.689717"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.08.0192","article-title":"Differences in myoelectric and body-powered upper-limb prostheses: Systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Carey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, N., Lee, K.-H., Kim, M.-O., Choi, Y., and Sala, C.A. (2021). A User-Driven Approach to Prosthetic Upper Limb Development in Korea. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9070839"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00168-2","article-title":"Towards Including End\u2014Users in the Design of Prosthetic Hands: Ethical Analysis of a Survey of Australians with Upper\u2014Limb Difference","volume":"26","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364619895201","article-title":"Prosthesis satisfaction in a national sample of Veterans with upper limb amputation","volume":"44","author":"Resnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1580777","article-title":"A survey on what Australian \u2019 s with upper limb difference want in a prosthesis: Justification for using soft robotics and additive manufacturing for customized prosthetic hands","volume":"15","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12351","article-title":"A National Survey of Prosthesis Use in Veterans with Major Upper Limb Amputation: Comparisons by Gender","volume":"12","author":"Resnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134599","article-title":"Influence of lifestyle pattern on preference for prosthetic hands: Understanding the development pathway for 3D-printed prostheses","volume":"379","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einfeldt, A.E., Rebmann, F., Yao, D., Stukenborg-, C., Hurschler, C., Windhagen, H., and Id, E.J. (2023). What do users and their aiding professionals want from future devices in upper limb prosthetics? A focus group study. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295516"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1108\/JET-02-2022-0017","article-title":"3D printed children\u2019s prostheses as enabling technology? The experience of children with upper limb body differences","volume":"16","author":"Sahinol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Enabling Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis5010011","article-title":"3D Printing in LMICs: Functional Design for Upper Limb Prosthetics in Uganda","volume":"5","author":"Hussaini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128764","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3226697","article-title":"A Novel Respiratory Control and Actuation System for Upper-Limb Prosthesis Users: Clinical Evaluation Study","volume":"10","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2019.03.010","article-title":"Social participation in persons with upper limb amputation receiving an esthetic prosthesis","volume":"33","author":"Kristjansdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"100148","article-title":"Understanding the Relationship Between Patient-Reported Function and Actual Function in the Upper Limb Prosthesis User Population: A Preliminary Study","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1107770","article-title":"Children with congenital limb deficiency in Norway: Issues related to school life and health-related quality of life. A cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Johansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, H., Webb, L., Dyson, M., and Nazarpour, K. (2022). Towards User-Centred Prosthetics Research Beyond the Laboratory. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.863833"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2470","article-title":"Dexterity, activity performance, disability, quality of life, and independence in upper limb Veteran prosthesis users: A normative study","volume":"44","author":"Resnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Serv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000411","article-title":"Differences in Two Multiarticulating Myoelectric Hands for Facilitating Activities of Daily Living in Individuals with Transradial Amputation: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"35","author":"Kannenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000392","article-title":"A Small-Scale Survey of Bilateral Upper-Limb Loss Individuals","volume":"34","author":"Sears","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002044","article-title":"Assessment of Patient-Reported Physical Function in Persons with Upper Extremity Amputation: Comparison of Short Form instruments drawn from the PROMIS v2.0 Upper Extremity item","volume":"102","author":"Resnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.04.003","article-title":"Function and Quality of Life of Unilateral Major Upper Limb Amputees: Effect of Prosthesis Use and Type","volume":"101","author":"Resnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1447607","article-title":"User surveys support designing a prosthetic wrist that incorporates the Dart Thrower\u2019s Motion","volume":"14","author":"Davidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehanil Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33643-0","article-title":"Characteristics of phantom upper limb mobility encourage phantom-mobility-based prosthesis control","volume":"8","author":"Touillet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01054-y","article-title":"Experience of adults with upper-limb difference and their views on sensory feedback for prostheses: A mixed methods study","volume":"19","author":"Jabban","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364618774054","article-title":"Function, quality of life, and community integration of DEKA Arm users after discharge from prosthetic training: Impact of home use experience","volume":"42","author":"Resnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617729924","article-title":"Does the DEKA Arm substitute for or supplement conventional prostheses","volume":"42","author":"Resnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2100113","article-title":"EMG Pattern Recognition Control of the DEKA Arm: Impact on User Ratings of Satisfaction and Usability","volume":"7","author":"Resnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Heal. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resnik, L.J., Acluche, F., Borgia, M., Cancio, J., Latlief, G., Phillips, S., and Sasson, N. (2018). EMG pattern recognition compared to foot control of the DEKA Arm. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204854"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104085","article-title":"The impact of bionic prostheses on users\u2019 self-perceptions: A qualitative study","volume":"241","author":"Bretschneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2256667","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in adults following traumatic upper limb amputation: An exploratory study","volume":"46","author":"Hutchison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"a890","article-title":"The lived experience of people with upper limb absence living in Uganda: A qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"Ramirez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr. J. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resnik, L.J., Borgia, M.L., Clark, M.A., Graczyk, E., Segil, J., and Ni, P. (2021). Structural validity and reliability of the patient experience measure: A new approach to assessing psychosocial experience of upper limb prosthesis users. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261865"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragni, F., Archetti, L., Roby-Brami, A., Amici, C., and Saint-Bauzel, L. (2021). Intention prediction and human health condition detection in reaching tasks with machine learning techniques. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165253"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e65677","article-title":"Prosthesis Usage and Functional Status in Upper Limb Amputees: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"16","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resnik, L.J., Borgia, M., Graczyk, E.L., Id, J.B., and Ni, P. (2024). Prosthesis usability experience is associated with extent of upper limb prosthesis adoption: A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299155"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96779-w","article-title":"Introducing an adjustable upper limb prosthesis into a Ugandan clinical service: Impacts on free living behaviour and prosthetic use","volume":"15","author":"Pickard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barattini, C., Dimauro, L., Vella, A.D., and Vigliani, A. (2023). Dynamic Analysis of a High-Performance Prosthetic Leg: Experimental Characterisation and Numerical Modelling. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132011566"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T16:15:37Z","timestamp":1769444137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s26020734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26020734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}